1、考研英语（一）-试卷 2及答案解析(总分：152.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_On the afternoon of April 19th, 1587, Sir Francis Dr. Aka led his convoy of 31 ships
2、into the port of Cadiz, (1)_ the Spanish navy was being prepared to (2)_ England. The Spanish were (3)_ completely by surprise, and Dr. Aka“s men quickly looted, sank or burnt every ship in sight. After clearing the harhour of stores and (4)_ off a Spanish attack, Dr. Aka and his ships (5)_ without
3、the loss of a single man. Back in England, Dr. Aka became a national hero, and his daring attack became known as the “singeing of the King of Spain“s beard“. As well as (6)_ back the Spanish plan to invade England by several months, Dr. Aka“s daring attack (7)_ the success of a popular new drink. Fo
4、r among the stores that he (8)_ from Cadiz were 2,900 large barrels of sack, a wine made in the Jerez region of Spain, and the (9)_ of today“s sherry. The wine makers of Jerez looked for overseas markets, and sack started to take off in England. In 1587, the celebratory drinking of the sack brought
5、back from Cadiz by Dr. Aka gave it a further (10)_ and made it hugely fashionable, (11)_ its Spanish origin. For (12)_ chemical reasons, sack was an unusually long-lasting and (13)_ wine. This made it ideal for taking on long sea voyages, (14)_ which alcoholic drinks acted as a vital social lubrican
6、t that (15)_ the hardship of spending weeks packed into a (16)_ ship. Columbus took sack with him to the new world in the 1490s, making it the first wine to be (17)_ into the Americas. In 1604, sack was (18)_ official recognition of (19)_ when James I (20)_ an ordinance limiting its consumption at c
7、ourt. By this time sack was popularly known as sherris-sack(sherris being a corruption of Jerez), which eventually became the modern word sherry.（分数：40.00）A.whereB.whenC.asD.whichA.aggravateB.besiegeC.invadeD.siegeA.seizedB.takenC.capturedD.snappedA.fendingB.fencingC.defeatingD.bringingA.avoidedB.hi
8、dedC.brokeD.escapedA.cuttingB.takingC.settingD.dissectingA.stitchedB.sealedC.stuckD.labeledA.robbedB.plunderedC.squanderedD.stoleA.deviantB.variationC.forerunnerD.descendantA.stimulusB.incentiveC.conduciveD.boostA.neverthelessB.notwithstandingC.howeverD.concerningA.obscureB.obsessiveC.obsceneD.obsol
9、eteA.dryB.robustC.weakD.stiffA.inB.onC.duringD.toA.lessenedB.worsenedC.softenedD.sharpenedA.spaciousB.creptC.campedD.crampedA.soldB.exportedC.importedD.introducedA.conferredB.presentedC.grantedD.offeredA.sortsB.kindsC.sortD.kindsA.announcedB.proclaimedC.claimedD.issued二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：12，分
10、数：68.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Mary Eberstadt writes in Home-Alone America that growing obesity, the high incidence of sexually transmitted disease among teenagers and an ove
11、rdependence on drugs such as Ritalin for attention deficit disorder are often the fault of parents who “outsource“ their responsibilities. “We tend to think that the problems with juveniles are located at the bottom end of the social spectrum, but latchkey children are more common among the affluent
12、,“ said Eberstadt, a mother of four who is a conservative writer and research fellow at Stanford University“s Hoover Institution. According to the most recent figures from the US Census Bureau, 41% of children aged 12 to 14 regularly look after themselves at the end of the school day. The figures ri
13、se with prosperity. For children aged 5 to 14, “self-care increases from 11% of children in poverty to 22% of those with family incomes at least double the poverty line.“ Eberstadt“s book is dividing sociologists, critics and partisans in the “mommy wars“ between stay-at-home and working parents. A
14、child clings to the ankles of his smartly dressed mother to stop her leaving for work on the front of the book; he does the same to his father on the back. P. J. O“Rourke, the conservative commentator and satirist, supports Eberstadt“s thesis. “If you don“t think (her) arguments have merit, try trea
15、ting your dog the way America treats its kids,“ he said. “Give the puppy her own set of house keys and put her in front of the television instead of taking her for a walk. Let her eat anything she wants and house train herself. Send her to another master for visitation at the weekends. And when she
16、comes into heat, turn her loose in the pound.“ James Q. Wilson, author of The Marriage Problem: How Our Culture Has Weakened Families is one of the intellectual forces behind zero tolerance policing. He praised the book“s “great, unarguable theme that parental care is of decisive importance in shapi
17、ng the character of our children“. Feminist critics, in contrast, accuse Eberstadt of Taliban-style thinking. The Washington Post attacked her “seductive“ but “nasty“ opinions and lack of “interest in how real people live or think about their lives“. Eberstadt insists that she is not ordering women
18、back to the home. “The bottom line is a lot more nuanced,“ she said. “It doesn“t have to be “you“ there after school, but there are not enough protective, supporting, loving adults around.“ Neighbourhoods, she added, “are so emptied of adult presence that even the richest kids just go home, throw th
19、e deadbolt and get no exercise more strenuous than walking from the video game to the refrigerator.“ The result of being home alone is not just snacking and obesity but casual sex, leading to an explosion in venereal diseases that can lead to infertility and cervical cancer, Eberstadt said.（分数：10.00
20、）(1).The word “outsource“(Paragraph 1) may be best replaced by（分数：2.00）A.abandon.B.renounce.C.transfer.D.submit.(2).James Q. Wilson supports Mary Eberstadt“s new book because（分数：2.00）A.he thinks the most important factor in shaping the character of our children is parental care.B.he agrees that it i
21、s our culture that weakens families.C.the way America treats its kids is somewhat similar to the way one treats his dog.D.he is the author of The Marriage Problem: How our culture has weakened Families.(3).Mary Eberstadt would mostly agree（分数：2.00）A.the problems with juveniles are located at the bot
22、tem end of the social spectrum.B.women shall not go out to work but stay at home.C.children in rich families are lack of exercises.D.leaving children alone will lead to many diseases.(4).The phrase “Taliban-style thinking“ (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably refers to（分数：2.00）A.the way that people o
23、f Taliban thinks.B.the guess that Mary Eberstadt may come from Taliban.C.the conservative way Mary Eberstadt shows in her new book.D.Mary Eberstadt“s same way of thinking as Taliban people.(5).The text is mainly about（分数：2.00）A.the introduction of the wonderful contents of Mary Eberstadt“s new book.
24、B.the publishment of a new book and reactions from the society.C.the high incidence of many social problems resulting from the fault of parents.D.the phenomenon that latchkey children are more common among the affluent.Virtually everything astronomers know about objects outside the solar system is b
25、ased on the detection of photons-quanta of electromagnetic radiation. Yet there is another form of radiation that permeates the universe: neutrinos. With (as its name implies) no electric charge, and negligible mass, the neutrino interacts with other particles so rarely that a neutrino can cross the
26、 entire universe, even traversing substantial aggregations of matter, without being absorbed or even deflected. Neutrinos can thus escape from regions of space where light and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation are blocked by matter. Not a single, validated observation of an extraterrestrial n
27、eutrino has so far been produced despite the construction of a string of elaborate observatories, mounted on the earth from Southern India to Utah to South Africa. However, the detection of extraterrestrial neutrinos are of great significance in the study of astronomy. Neutrinos carry with their inf
28、ormation about the site and circum stances of their production; therefore, the detection of cosmic neutrinos could provide new information about a wide variety of cosmic phenomena and about the history of the universe. How can scientists detect a particle that interacts so infrequently with other ma
29、tter? Twenty-five years passed between Pauli“s hypothesis that the neutrino existed and its actual detection; since then virtually all research with neutrinos has been with neutrinos created artificially in large particle accelerators and studied under neutrino microscopes. But a neutrino telescope,
30、 capable of detecting cosmic neutrinos, is difficult to construct. No apparatus can detect neutrinos unless it is extremely massive, because great mass is synonymous with huge numbers of nucleons (neutrons and protons), and the more massive the detector, the greater the probability of one of its nuc
31、leon“s reacting with a neutrino. In addition, the apparatus must be sufficiently shielded from the interfering effects of other particles. Fortunately, a group of astrophysicists has proposed a means of detecting cosmic neutrinos by harnessing the mass of the ocean. Named DUMAND, for Deep Underwater
32、 Muon and Neutrino Detector, the project calls for placing an array of light sensors at a depth of five kilometers under the ocean surface. The detecting medium is the sea water itself: when a neutrino interacts with a particle in an atom of seawater, the result is a cascade of electrically charged
33、particles and a flash of light that can be detected by the sensors. The five kilometers of seawater above the sensors will shield them from the interfering effects of other high-energy particles raining down through the atmosphere. The strongest motivation for the DUMAND project is that it will expl
34、oit an important source of information about the universe. The extension of astronomy from visible light to radio waves to x-rays and gamma rays never failed to lead to the discovery of unusual objects such as radio galaxies, quasars, and pulsars. Each of these discoveries came as a surprise. Neutri
35、no astronomy will doubtlessly bring its own share of surprises.（分数：10.00）(1).escape from(Para. 1) can be substituted for（分数：2.00）A.get through,B.pass by.C.interact with.D.derive from.(2).What kind of neutrinos would be most useful to astronomers?（分数：2.00）A.Ones which have no electric charge, or litt
36、le mass.B.Ones which are created artificially in the laboratory.C.Ones which can free themselves from the control of matter.D.Ones which come through a long distance of time and space.(3).From the third paragraph, besides shelter, the seawater is used as（分数：2.00）A.detector.B.sensor.C.agent.D.solvent
37、.(4).Which of the following is the most desirable site where cosmic neutrinos can be easily detected?（分数：2.00）A.Labs with massive detector.B.Enclosed volcanic caves.C.Vacuum cabins.D.Shallow salt lake.(5).Why is it difficult to detect neutrinos?（分数：2.00）A.Neutrinos can cross the entire universe.B.Ne
38、utrinos can escape from different regions of space.C.Neutrinos seldom interact with other particles.D.Neutrinos are too rare in the space.Why is English so difficult? It is often thought that the number of words in the English language is a major reason, but this is not the real answer. Certainly, t
39、here are over half million words in the Oxford English Dictionary, but only about 10,000 are in general everyday use. A much stronger reason is the rich variety of sources from which English comessources that are due to the different people who have conquered or settled in parts of the British Isles
40、 over the past 1,300 years-and knowing more about the way English has evolved over this period makes its difficulties easier to understand. What do we mean by an “English“ word? Many words are English in the sense that they can be traced back to the Anglo-SaxonsGermanic tribes which settled in Engla
41、nd from around the fifth century A.D. They gave us many common words like book, house, cat and dog. Earlier still were the Celtic people whose speech survives in Scottish and Irish Gaelic, in Welsh, and in the local languages of two extremities of the British Isles, Manx and Cornish. There is practi
42、cally no Celtic influence in English. This is because the Celts were forced back in to the fringes of the British Isles by the Anglo-Saxon invaders, and there was little cultural interaction. The next important influence on the main vocabulary of English came in the ninth and tenth centuries when mu
43、ch of the east side of England was in the hands of Danish invaders, and England as a whole had a Danish king Cnut (Canute) for a time. The Danes had much more contact with the Anglo-Saxons than did the Celts, and their short period of occupation has left its mark in the number of Scandinavian words
44、taken into our language. Many of these are still in use, such as take and law, names of parts of the body such as leg and skull. Many more Scandinavian words are preserved in some dialects of the east side of England, in place-names and in street-names. The last time that England was successfully in
45、vaded was in 1052 when William of Normandy defeated the English king Harold at the Battle of Hastings. The arrival of the Normans brought a further decisive influence on the languageFrench. French, together with Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian is known as a Romance language, and has its ro
46、ots in Latin. For several centuries, French was the language of the aristocracy in England and a large number of French words came into the language. Many of these words are to do with government, like justice, council and tax, and many are abstract terms like liberty, charity and conflict. Most of
47、the words taken into the language over the years were adopted either because there was a basic need for them and they were useful or because they were preferable m some way to the words already in use. Often the old word disappeared altogether. In many cases, however, the new word and the old contin
48、ued in use side by side on a roughly equal footing. This had produced pairs of words which are both in use today, like shut and close or buy and purchase, in which the second word of each pair is French in origin. In the first years after the Norman Conquest many new words were used only by the ruling class and professionals associated with them, such as scribes and clerks. The language of the common people remained largely unaffected. It was the spread of literacy and the development of printing that brought the French words into more general
