1、考研英语（一）-试卷 8 及答案解析(总分：154.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_In 1924 America“s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series
2、 of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 【B1】 workers“ productivity. Instead, the studies ended 【B2】 giving their name to the “ Hawthorne effect, “ the extremely influential idea that the very 【B3】 of bein
3、g experimented upon changed subjects“ behavior. The idea arose because of the 【B4】 behavior of the women in the plant. According to 【B5】 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 【B6】 what was done in the experiment; 【B7】 someth
4、ing was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 【B8】 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 【B9】 to alter workers“ behavior 【B10】 itself. After several decades, the same data were 【B11】 to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 【B12】 the descriptions on
5、record, no systematic 【B13】 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 【B14】 interpretations of what happened. 【B15】 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on
6、Monday, output 【B16】 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 【B17】 to rise for the next couple of days. 【B18】, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 【B19】 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any
7、case, before 【B20】 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect“ is hard to pin down.（分数：40.00）(1).【B1】（分数：2.00）A.affectedB.achievedC.extractedD.restored(2).【B2】（分数：2.00）A.atB.upC.withD.off(3).【B3】（分数：2.00）A.truthB.sightC.actD.proof(4).【B4】（分数：2.00）A.controvers
8、ialB.perplexingC.mischievousD.ambiguous(5).【B5】（分数：2.00）A.requirementsB.explanationsC.accountsD.assessments(6).【B6】（分数：2.00）A.concludeB.matterC.indicateD.work(7).【B7】（分数：2.00）A.as far asB.for fear thatC.in case thatD.so long as(8).【B8】（分数：2.00）A.awarenessB.expectationC.sentimentD.illusion(9).【B9】（分数
9、：2.00）A.suitableB.excessiveC.enoughD.abundant(10).【B10】（分数：2.00）A.aboutB.forC.onD.by(11).【B11】（分数：2.00）A.comparedB.shownC.subjectedD.conveyed(12).【B12】（分数：2.00）A.Contrary toB.Consistent withC.Parallel withD.Peculiar to(13).【B13】（分数：2.00）A.evidenceB.guidanceC.implicationD.source(14).【B14】（分数：2.00）A.d
10、isputableB.enlighteningC.reliableD.misleading(15).【B15】（分数：2.00）A.In contrastB.For exampleC.In consequenceD.As usual(16).【B16】（分数：2.00）A.dulyB.accidentallyC.unpredictablyD.suddenly(17).【B17】（分数：2.00）A.failedB.ceasedC.startedD.continued(18).【B18】（分数：2.00）A.ThereforeB.FurthermoreC.HoweverD.Meanwhile(1
11、9).【B19】（分数：2.00）A.attemptedB.tendedC.choseD.intended(20).【B20】（分数：2.00）A.breakingB.climbingC.surpassingD.hitting二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：12，分数：70.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
12、_As Eleanor Roosevelt once said, “Universal human rights begin in small places, close to home“. And Tolerance.org, a Web site from the Southern Poverty Law Center, is helping parents across the country create homes in which tolerance and understanding are guiding themes. “The goal of nurturing open-
13、minded, empathetic children is a challenging one“, says Jennifer Holladay, director of Tolerance. org. “To cultivate tolerance, parents have to instill in children a sense of empathy, respect and responsibilityto oneself and to othersas well as the recognition that every person on earth is a treasur
14、e“. Holladay offers several ways parents can promote tolerance: Talk about tolerance. Tolerance education is an ongoing process; it cannot be captured in a single moment. Establish a high comfort level for open dialogue about social issues. Let children know that no subject is taboo. Identify intole
15、rance when children are exposed to it. Point out stereotypes and cultural misinformation depicted in movies, TV shows, computer games and other media. Challenge bias when it comes from friends and family members. Do not let the moment pass. Begin with a qualified statement: “Andrew just called peopl
16、e of XYZ faith “lunatics“. What do you think about that, Zoe?“ Let children do most of the talking. Challenge intolerance when it comes from your children. When a child says or does something that reflects biases or embraces stereotypes, confront the child: “What makes that joke funny, Jerome?“ Guid
17、e the conversation toward internalization of empathy and respect“Mimi uses a walker, honey. How do you think she would feel about that joke?“ or “How did you feel when Robbie made fun of your glasses last week?“ Support your children when they are the victims of intolerance. Respect children“s troub
18、les by acknowledging when they become targets of bias. Don“t minimize the experience. Provide emotional support and then brainstorm constructive responses. For example, develop a set of comebacks to use when children are the victims of name-calling. Create opportunities for children to interact with
19、 people who are different from them. Look critically at how a child defines “normal“. Expand the definition. Visit playgrounds where a variety of children are presentpeople of different races, socioeconomic backgrounds, family structures, etc. Encourage a child to spend time with eldersgrandparents,
20、 for example. Encourage children to call upon community resources. A child who is concerned about world hunger can volunteer at a local soup kitchen or homeless shelter. The earlier children interact with the community, the better. This will help convey the lesson that we are not islands unto oursel
21、ves. Model the behavior you would like to see. As a parent and as your child“s primary role model, be consistent in how you treat others. Remember, you may say, “Do as I say, not as I do“, but actions really do speak louder than words.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following statements is TRUE about Tol
22、erance. org?（分数：2.00）A.It is a Web site from the Northern Poverty Law Center.B.It is helping parents across the country create homes for those orphans.C.The goal is to challenge those intolerant children.D.It helps parents cultivate a sense of empathy and responsibility in their children.(2).The wor
23、d “taboo“ (Para. 2) most probably means“_“.（分数：2.00）A.intoleranceB.forbidden customsC.secret dialoguesD.inappropriate issues(3).The example of asking “How did you feel when Robbie made fun of your glasses last week?“ is to illustrate that it is indispensable to_.（分数：2.00）A.challenge intolerance when
24、 it comes from your childrenB.identify intolerance when children are exposed to itC.support your children when they are the victims of intoleranceD.create opportunities for children to interact with people who are different from them(4).According to the passage, children are encouraged to join in ma
25、ny activities other than_.（分数：2.00）A.live in homeless shelterB.spend time with eldersC.volunteer at a local soup kitchenD.visit playgrounds where a variety of children are present(5).According to Jennifer Holladay, who are children“s primary role models?（分数：2.00）A.Their teachers.B.Their parents.C.Th
26、eir grandparents.D.Their peers.“High tech“ and “state of the art“ are two expressions that describe very modern technology. High tech is just a shorter way of saying high technology. And high technology describes any invention, system of device that uses the newest ideas or discoveries of science an
27、d engineering. What is high tech? A computer is high tech. So is a communications satellite. A modern manufacturing system is surely high tech. High tech became a popular expression in the United States during the early 1980“s. Because of improvements in technology, people could buy many new kinds o
28、f products in American stores, such as home computers, microwave ovens, etc. “State of the art“ is something that is as modern as possible. It is a product that is based on the very latest methods and techn01ogy. Something that is “state of the art“ is the newest possible design or product of a busi
29、ness or industry. A state of the art television set, for example, uses the most modern electronic design and parts. It is the best that one can buy. “State of the art“ is not a new expression. Engineers have used it for years, to describe the best and most modern way of doing something. Millions of
30、Americans began to use the expression in the late 1970“s. The reason was the computer revolution. Every computer company claimed that its computers were “state of the art“. Computer technology changed so fast that a state of the art computer today might be old tomorrow. The expression “state of the
31、art“ became as common and popular as computers themselves. Now all kinds of products are said to be “state of the art“.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the purpose of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.To tell how “high tech“ and “state of the art“ have developed.B.To give examples of high tech.C.To tell what “high tech“
32、and “state of the art“ are.D.To describe very modern technology.(2).What can we infer from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.American stores could provide new kinds of products to the peopleB.High tech describes a technology that is not traditional.C.State of the art is not as popular as “high tech“.D.A wooden
33、 plough pulled by oxen is “state of the art“.(3).All the following examples are high tech EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.a microwave ovenB.a home computerC.a hand pumpD.a satellite(4).Which of the following statements is NOT true?（分数：2.00）A.Since the computer revolution, the expression “state of the art“ has be
34、come popular.B.State of the art means something that is the best one can buy.C.With the rapid development of computer technology, a state of the art computer may easily become out of date.D.All kinds of products are “state of the art“ nowadays.(5).The best title for the passage is_.（分数：2.00）A.Comput
35、er TechnologyB.High Tech and State of the ArtC.Most Advanced TechnologyD.Two New Expressions“The essential qualities of a true Pan-Americanism“, remarked Franklin Roosevelt in 1933, “must be the same as those which constitute a good neighbour, namely mutual understanding and. a sympathetic appreciat
36、ion of the other“s point of view.“ That is advice which the United States would do well to heed in its relations with its immediate neighbours, Canada and Mexico. Most Americans may not be aware of it, but frustrations and resentments are building just across their borders to both south and north. O
37、f course, neighbourly ties in North America are closer than in Roosevelt“s day. Under the North American Free-Trade Agreement (NAFTA), trade among the three countries has more than doubled since 1994 and cross-border investment climbed even faster. In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of Septem
38、ber 11th 2001, the United States moved quickly to sign “smart border“ agreements with both Canada and Mexico, to try to ensure that the demands of security did not interrupt trade. By the standards of much of the 20th century, political ties between the United States and Mexico are warm. Yet go to e
39、ither border and you wouldn“t know all this. Fed up with the flow of illegal migrants from the south, the governors of Arizona and New Mexico this month declared a state of emergency. Violence between drug gangs recently led the United States temporarily to close its consulate in Nuevo Laredo, the b
40、usiest border-crossing point. The American ambassador bluntly criticises Mexico for its failure to prevent drug-related violence along the border. That has prompted retaliatory verbal blasts from Mexican officials. Canada“s mood is not much more cordial. Since September 11th, Canadians and Americans
41、 alike have become less keen on popping over what they liked to call “the world“s longest undefended border“ for shopping or recreation. Canadians increasingly disagree with Americans over matters as varied as the Iraq war and gay marriage. They are disillusioned with NAFTA, claiming it has failed t
42、o prevent the United States from unlawfully punishing their exports of, for example, lumber. So what? Friction is in the nature of international relations, and the problems on the northern border are different from those in the south. Yet there is a common denominator. Americans tend to see security
43、, migration, drugs, even trade, as domestic political issues. But so they are for Canada and Mexico too. Like it or not, Americans rely on their neighbours for prosperity, energy and help with security. It behooves all three countries to show some “sympathetic understanding“.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be
44、inferred from the first paragraph that _.（分数：2.00）A.the essential qualities of a true Pan Americanism were defined by Franklin RooseveltB.mutual understanding is one of the most far-reaching elements in North AmericaC.Few Americans may be aware of others“ point of viewD.America“s friendship with Can
45、ada and Mexico risks going sour(2).Political relationship is discussed in the text so as to _.（分数：2.00）A.illustrate Canada“s cordial mood toward Mexico and AmericaB.interpret the improved neighbourly ties in North AmericaC.foretell the prospect of international relationsD.gauge the flow of illegal m
46、igrants from Mexico(3).The term “the south“ in the third paragraph most probably refers to _.（分数：2.00）A.the Southern part of AmericaB.MexicoC.the Southern hemisphereD.the South Africa(4).According to the text, America and Canada have yet to reach consensus on _.（分数：2.00）A.lumber exportB.the Iraq rec
47、onstructionC.homo marriageD.defense of the world“s longest border(5).In the last paragraph of the text, the author intends to define _.（分数：2.00）A.the friction of the northern borderB.the significance of international tiesC.the difference between Canadians and MexicansD.the importance of being good n
48、eighboursThe most critical time in the life of a human is the very beginningthe first hours after birth. Yet it has been only within the past few years that doctors have recognized that treating a newborn baby like a small child is not the best procedure. This is especially true of “high risk babies“, a term applied to babies that are premature, underweight, or born with major organic defects. They need immediate, imaginative, intensive care and observation, not only for survival but also to help circumvent physical problems which may affect the infant for life. Out of t
