1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 194 及答案解析(总分：144.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_The Earths daily clock, measured in a single revolution, is twenty-four hours. Th
2、e human clock, 【B1】_ , is actually about twenty-five hours. Thats 【B2】_ scientists who study sleep have determined from human subjects who live for several weeks in observation chambers with no 【B3】_ of day or night. Sleep researchers have 【B4】_ other surprising discoveries as well. We spend about o
3、ne-third of our lives asleep, a fact that suggests sleeping, 【B5】_ eating and breathing, is fundamental life process. Yet some people almost never sleep, getting by on as 【B6】_ as fifteen minutes a day. And more than seventy years of 【B7】_ into sleep deprivation, in which people have been kept 【B8】_
4、 for three to ten days, has yielded only one certain findings: Sleep loss makes a person sleepy and thats about all; it causes no lasting ill 【B9】_ . Too much sleep, however, may be 【B10】_ for you. These findings 【B11】_ some long-held views of sleep, and they raise questions about its fundamental pu
5、rpose in our lives. In 【B12】_ , scientists dont know just why sleep is necessary. “We get sleepy, and when we sleep, that sleepiness is reversed,“ Dr. Howard Roffwarg of the University of Texas in Dallas explains. “We know sleep has a function, 【B13】_ we feel it has a function. We cant put our finge
6、r on it, but it must, 【B14】_ in some way, direct or indirect, have to do with rest and restitution.“ Other scientists think sleep is more the result of evolutionary habit than 【B15】_ actual need. Animals sleep for some parts of the day perhaps because it is the 【B16】_ thing for them to do: it keeps
7、them 【B17】_ and hidden from predators; its a survival tactic. Before the advent of electricity, humans had to spend at least some of each day in 【B18】_ and had little reason to question the reason or need for 【B19】_ But the development of the electroencephalograph and the resulting discovery in 1937
8、 of dramatic 【B20】_ in brain activity between sleep and wakefulness opened the way for scientific inquiry in the subject.（分数：40.00）(1).【B1】（分数：2.00）A.howeverB.furthermoreC.likewiseD.therefore(2).【B2】（分数：2.00）A.theB.whatC.becauseD.many(3).【B3】（分数：2.00）A.ideaB.feelingC.senseD.judgment(4).【B4】（分数：2.00）
9、A.come up againstB.come down toC.come up withD.come up to(5).【B5】（分数：2.00）A.withB.likeC.unlikeD.as(6).【B6】（分数：2.00）A.littleB.muchC.fewD.long(7).【B7】（分数：2.00）A.probeB.investigationC.researchD.examination(8).【B8】（分数：2.00）A.asleepB.sleepyC.activeD.awake(9).【B9】（分数：2.00）A.effectsB.affectionsC.affectsD.i
10、mpacts(10).【B10】（分数：2.00）A.usefulB.goodC.badD.harmful(11).【B11】（分数：2.00）A.challengeB.denyC.doubtD.dispute(12).【B12】（分数：2.00）A.additionB.factC.lineD.short(13).【B13】（分数：2.00）A.ifB.becauseC.likeD.provided(14).【B14】（分数：2.00）A.at leastB.at mostC.at bestD.at worst(15).【B15】（分数：2.00）A.fromB.anC.theD.of(16)
11、B16】（分数：2.00）A.worstB.bestC.onlyD.natural(17).【B17】（分数：2.00）A.comfortableB.calmC.quietD.excited(18).【B18】（分数：2.00）A.coldnessB.warmthC.darknessD.shade(19).【B19】（分数：2.00）A.sleepB.workC.foodD.clothes(20).【B20】（分数：2.00）A.differencesB.similaritiesC.resemblanceD.opposites二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数
12、60.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._It seems that fear is the dominant mood of the moment. Hurricanes, tidal waves, floods, earthquakes and terrorism this year have all brought wit
13、h them not only appalling scenes of devastation, death and suffering, but also outrage at the lack of preparations to avoid or cope with these disasters. Now even the birds of the air are a threat, we are told. That migrating flock visible on the horizon at sunset, once a consoling reminder of the e
14、ternal rhythms of nature, could be carrying the virus which might soon kill tens of millions of people. Given the many fingers pointed at governments in the wake of other disasters this year, it is not surprising at all that they are scrambling to respond to the threat posed by avian influenza. Afte
15、r confirmation this week that the H5N1 strain of bird flu, which has been spreading quickly in Asia, had been discovered in Romania and perhaps Greece, European Union foreign ministers convened an emergency meeting. President George Bush, still smarting from a torrent of criticism of his governments
16、 inefficient response to Hurricane Katrina, has promised to rush out emergency plans for coping with an outbreak of pandemic flu which have been stalled for years. Countries around the world are hurrying to stockpile the only current antiviral drug, Tamiflu, which might be effective in saving lives
17、in any pandemic or curbing its spread. The World Health Organisation is calling for an internationally co-ordinated effort. Health ministers from around the globe are due to meet next week in Canada to discuss what measures to take. Is any of this effort justified? Or are politicians simply helping
18、to feed public panic, and then covering themselves by promising to spend lavishly against a threat which may never materialize and to reduce a risk which they do not understand? To ask these questions is not to counsel complacency, but to apply the kind of test which is required in any kind of disas
19、ter planning, not least because the world is an inherently dangerous place and it is impossible to plan against every possible disaster. With the media full of warnings of impending mass death, an overreaction is all too possible.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the first paragraph that（分数：2.00
20、A.strong resentment resulted from the lack of preparations to deal with recent disasters.B.the dominant mood of the moment resulted in the appalling scenes of devastation.C.tens of millions of people could carry the virus on the horizon.D.reminder of the eternal rhythms of nature emerged at sunset
21、to avoid these disasters.(2).According to the text, American emergency plans for dealing with an outbreak of pandemic flu（分数：2.00）A.have been stipulated.B.have been enacted.C.have been abolished.D.have been delayed.(3).Which of the following remarks on our available antiviral medication would the au
22、thor make?（分数：2.00）A.Effective but poisonous.B.Harmful but populous.C.Meager and not reliable.D.Affordable and palatable.(4).The phrase “not least“ in the last but one sentence of the text means（分数：2.00）A.at most.B.not at all.C.marginally.D.particularly.(5).We can draw a conclusion from the last par
23、agraph of the text that（分数：2.00）A.strong and intense response derive from the mass media.B.the attempts to be made can no longer be justified by their intention.C.public panic would be diluted by politicians promise.D.the only remedy is to spend lavishly against a threat.It may be just as well for O
24、xford Universitys reputation that this weeks meeting of Congregation, its 3,552-strong governing body, was held in secret, for the air of civilized rationality that is generally supposed to pervade donnish conversation has lately turned fractious. That is because the vice-chancellor, the nearest thi
25、ng the place has to a chief executive, has proposed the most fundamental reforms to the university since the establishment of the college system in 1249; and lots of the dons and colleges dont like it. The trouble with Oxford is that it is unmanageable. Its problemsthe difficulty of recruiting good
26、dons and of getting rid of bad ones, concerns about academic standards, severe money worries at some collegesall spring from that. John Hood, who was recruited as vice-chancellor from the University of Auckland and is now probably the most-hated antipodean in British academic life, reckons he knows
27、how to solve this, and has proposed to reduce the power of dons and colleges and increase that of university administrators. Mr. Hood is right that the universitys management structure needs an overhaul. But radical though his proposals seem to those involved in the current row, they do not go far e
28、nough. The difficulty of managing Oxford stems only partly from the nuttiness of its system of governance; the more fundamental problem consists in its relationship with the government. Thats why Mr. Hood should adopt an idea that was once regarded as teetering on the lunatic fringe of radicalism, b
29、ut these days is discussed even in polite circles. The idea is independence. Oxford gets around 5,000 per undergraduate per year from the government. In return, it accepts that it can charge students only 1,150 (rising to 3,000 next year) on top of that. Since it probably costs at least 10,000 a yea
30、r to teach an undergraduate, that leaves Oxford with a deficit of 4, 000 or so per student to cover from its own funds. It would lose the 52m undergraduate subsidy at least if Oxford declared independence. Could it fill the hole? Certainly. Americas top universities charge around 20,000 per student
31、per year. The difficult issue would not be money alone: it would be balancing numbers of not-so-brilliant rich people paying top whack with the cleverer poorer ones they were cross-subsidising. Americas top universities manage it: high fees mean better teaching, which keeps competition hot and acade
32、mic standards high, while luring enough donations to provide bursaries for the poor. It should be easier to extract money from alumni if Oxford were no longer state-funded.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the text that the authors attitude toward John Hood is one of（分数：2.00）A.strong disapproval
33、B.reserved consent.C.enthusiastic support.D.slight contempt.(2).The third paragraph implies that（分数：2.00）A.reliance upon official subsidy has bred the current predicament of Oxford.B.an overhaul of Oxford management structure is urgently needed.C.the nuttiness of Oxford system of governance may be
34、easily removed.D.the current row is essential to many in polite circle.(3).The term “bursaries“ (Paragraph 5) most probably denotes（分数：2.00）A.free stationery and accommodation.B.sheltering and meals.C.preferential policies.D.scholarship or grant.(4).We can learn from the available statistics that（分数
35、2.00）A.the current financial status of Oxford results from its being state-funded.B.radical reforms concentrate on Oxford management structure.C.Oxford independence might become a barrier to its recruiting good dons.D.notorious reputation results in Oxford meeting of Congregation held this week.(5)
36、According to the text, the author would agree that（分数：2.00）A.the contribution from alumni wont lure ample donation by the wealthy.B.the civilized rationality is gradually spoiled by fractious nature.C.the row going on in Oxford is passionate but beside the point.D.Americans top universities are som
37、ewhat apprehensive of their current status but over-confident of their prospect.Increasingly, historians are blaming diseases imported from the Old World for the staggering disparity between the indigenous population of America in 1492new estimates of which jump as high as 100 million, or approximat
38、ely one-sixth of the human race at that timeand the few million full-blooded Native Americans alive at the end of the nineteenth century. There is no doubt that chronic disease was an important factor in the precipitous decline, and it is highly probable that the greatest killer was epidemic disease
39、 especially as manifested in virgin-soil epidemics. Virgin-soil epidemics are those in which the populations at risk have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them and are therefore immunologically almost defenseless. That virgin-soil epidemics were important in American history is
40、 strongly indicated by evidence that a number of dangerous maladiessmallpox, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and undoubtedly several morewere unknown in the pre-Columbian New World. The effects of their sudden introduction are demonstrated in the early chronicles of America, which contain reports of
41、 horrendous epidemics and steep population declines, confirmed in many cases by recent quantitative analyzes of Spanish tribute records and other sources. The evidence provided by the documents of British and French colonies is not as definitive because the conquerors of those areas did not establis
42、h permanent settlements and began to keep continuous records until the seventeenth century, by which time the worst epidemics had probably already taken place. Furthermore, the British tended to drive the native populations away, rather than to enslave them as the Spaniards did, so that the epidemic
43、s of British America occurred beyond the range of colonists direct observation. Even so, the surviving records of North America do contain references to deadly epidemics among the native population. In 16161619 an epidemic, possibly of pneumonic plague, swept coastal New England, killing as many as
44、nine out of ten. During the 1630s smallpox, the disease most fatal to the Native American people, eliminated half the population of the Huron and Iroquois confederations. In the 1820s fever devastated the people of the Columbia River area, killing eight out of ten of them. Unfortunately, the documen
45、tation of these and other epidemics is slight and frequently unreliable, and it is necessary to supplement what little we do know with evidence from recent epidemics among Native Americans. For example, in 1952 an outbreak of measles among the Native American inhabitants of Ungava Bay, Quebec, affec
46、ted 99 percent of the population and killed 7 percent, even though some had the benefit of modern medicine. Cases such as this demonstrate that even diseases that are not normally fatal can have destroying consequences when they strike an immunologically defenseless community.（分数：10.00）(1).According
47、 to the text, virgin-soil epidemics can be distinguished from other catastrophic outbreaks of disease in that virgin-soil epidemics（分数：2.00）A.recur more frequently than chronic diseases.B.involve populations with no prior exposure to a disease.C.usually involve a number of interacting diseases.D.are
48、 less responsive to medical treatment than are other diseases.(2).It can be inferred from the text about Spanish tribute records that（分数：2.00）A.they were being kept prior to the seventeenth century.B.they mention only epidemics of smallpox.C.they provide quantitative and qualitative evidence about Native American populations.D.they prove that certain diseases were unknown in the pre-Columbian New World.(3).Which of the following can be inferred from the text concerning the Native American inhab
