1、考研英语（翻译）-试卷 61及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_At the moment, there are two reliable ways to make elect
2、ricity from sunlight.【F1】 You can use a panel of solar cells to create the current directly, by liberating electrons from a semiconducting material such as silicon. Or you can concentrate the suns rays using mirrors, boil water with them, and employ the steam to drive a generator. Both work. But bot
3、h are expensive. Gang Chen of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Zhifeng Ren of Boston College therefore propose, in a paper in Nature Materials, an alternative. They suggest that a phenomenon called the thermoelectric effect might be used insteadand they have built a prototype to show th
4、at the idea is practical. In their view, three things are needed to create a workable solar-thermoelectric device. The first is to make sure that most of the sunlight which falls on it is absorbed, rather than being reflected. The second is to choose a thermoelectric material which conducts heat bad
5、ly(so that different parts remain at different temperatures)but electricity well.【F2】 The third is to be certain that the temperature gradient which that badly conducting material creates is not frittered away by poor design. The two researchers overcame these challenges through clever engineering.
6、The first they dealt with by coating the top of the device with oxides of hafnium, molybdenum and titanium, in layers about 100 nanometres thick.【F3】 These layers acted like the anti-reflective coatings on spectacle lenses and caused almost all the sunlight falling on the device to be absorbed. The
7、second desideratum, of low thermal and high electrical conductivity, was achieved by dividing the bismuth telluride into pellets a few nanometres across.【F4】 That does not affect their electrical conductivity, but nanoscale particles like this are known to scatter and obstruct the passage of heat th
8、rough imperfectly understood quantum-mechanical processes. The third objective, efficient design, involved sandwiching the nanostructured bismuth telluride between two copper plates and then enclosing the upper plate(the one coated with the light-absorbing oxides)and the bismuth telluride in a vacuu
9、m. The copper plates conducted heat rapidly to and from the bismuth telluride, thus maintaining the temperature difference. The vacuum stopped the apparatus losing heat by convection. The upshot was a device that converts 4.6% of incident sunlight into electricity.【F5】 That is not great compared wit
10、h the 20% and more achieved by a silicon-based solar cell, the 40% managed by a solar-thermal turbine, or even the 18-20% of one of the new generation of cheap and cheerful thin-film solar cells. But it is enough, Dr Chen reckons, for the process to be worth considering for mass production.（分数：10.00
11、）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_No Nobel prize has yet been awarded for the invention of an elixir of life, but the prize itself seems to be one. That, at least, is the conclusion of Matthew Rablen and Andrew Oswald of the University of Warw
12、ick, in England【F1】 Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald have just published a study on the universitys working-paper site which concludes that Nobel science laureates live significantly longer than those of their colleagues who were nominated for a prize, but failed to receive one. The theory they were testin
13、g was that status per se rather than the trappings of status, such as wealth, act to prolong life. This idea was first promulgated by Sir Michael Marmot, of University College, London. 【F2】 Sir Michael studied the health of British civil servants and discovered, contrary to his and everyone elses ex
14、pectations, that those at the top of the hierarchywhom the stress of the job was expected to have affected adverselywere actually far healthier than the supposedly unstressed officials at the bottom of the heap. Subsequent research has confirmed this result, and suggested it is nothing to do with th
15、e larger salaries of those at the top. But Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald thought it would be interesting to refine the observation still further, by studying individuals who were all, in a sense, at the top. By comparing people good enough to be considered for a Nobel, they could measure what the status
16、 of having one was worth. 【F3】 Comparing winners and also-rans from within the same countries, to avoid yet another source of bias, Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald found that the winners lived, on average, two years longer than those who had merely been nominated. Exactly what causes this increased longev
17、ity is unclear. It is not the cash, though. The inflation-adjusted value of the prize has fluctuated over the years, so the two researchers were able to see if the purchasing power of the money was correlated with longevity. It was not.【F4】 With the hierarchically ordered individuals studied by Sir
18、Michael and his successors, both medical records and experiments on animals suggest stress hormones are involved. It is, indeed, more stressful to be at the bottom than the top, even if being at the top involves making decisions on the fate of nations.【F5】 The result Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald have c
19、ome up with, though, suggests a positive effect associated with high status, rather than the absence of a negative effect, since unsuccessful nominees never know that they have been nominated.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_“Flexibi
20、lity“ has become a key metaphor potently vivifying a variety of contemporary life discourses.【F1】 As capital becomes more globalized and national economies increasingly integrated on a global basis, flexibility becomes both a key goal in, and a means of, maintaining and increasing economic competiti
21、veness. Organizations are expected to respond flexibly and rapidly to market changes and a premium is now placed on the need for flexibility not only within workplaces but also between them. Within this context are located interlinking discourses of flexible organizations, flexible workers and a con
22、sequent perceived need amongst managers for flexible structures, modes and contents of learning to service these organizations and workers. 【F2】 Given this context, flexible learning can be seen as both a condition of and contributor to changes in the social and economic division of labor, the organ
23、ization and management of work and production, and the management of workplace culture. Flexible learning is also, from an educational perspective, about the appropriate provisions required to meet such changes. Traditional knowledge canons and pedagogics are increasingly seen as inflexible, challen
24、ged and displaced by more flexible contents and modes of learning regarded as more congruent with the flexibility in labor processes, markets, products and patterns of consumption.【F3】 All this has contributed to accelerating the breakdown of the universitys monopoly of knowledge legitimation and to
25、 a developing consciousness that the university is no longer the only or principal site in which “valid“ learning occurs. As well as socio-economic and technological changes, the significance of changes in the cultural climate are an important means of understanding the contemporary workplace. These
26、 latter, to a large extent, are both the cause and outcome of postmodernism as a generalized social consciousness that involves the undermining of foundations, centers of authority and canonical knowledge and more decentred forms of social and economic organization. This has contributed to an acute
27、consciousness of change, stimulation of diversity and difference and a consequent need to be flexible. 【F4】 This simultaneous, continuous and rapid changein both the higher education sector and in contemporary workplacesis both an outcome and a reinforcement of a perceived urgency for continuous ada
28、ptation and flexible approaches to learning. Emerging in several OECD nations including the UK and Australia are university led work-based learning awards. 【F5】 These award programs can be aptly understood as an instance of flexible learning, characteristic of a contemporary situation that increasin
29、gly and significantly privileges “learning“ as the term preferred over “education“. This is manifesting not only flexibility in learning but also a flexibility of learning. This entails a reconfiguration of traditional educational principles of disciplines-based curricula, canonical texts, courses w
30、ith fixed beginnings and ends, and face-to-face teaching.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_Personality is to a large extent inherentA-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring.【F1】 But the environment must also have a profound
31、 effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the win at all costs m
32、oral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements.【F2】 The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can h
33、ave dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: Rejoice, we conquer! By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those
34、things they do well.【F3】 The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into Bs.【F4】 The world needs types, and schools have a
35、n important duty to try to fit a childs personality to his possible future employment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values.【F5】 Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine
36、, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. Bs are important and should be encouraged.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】
37、（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_考研英语（翻译）-试卷 61答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_解析：2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_解析：At the moment, there ar
38、e two reliable ways to make electricity from sunlight.【F1】 You can use a panel of solar cells to create the current directly, by liberating electrons from a semiconducting material such as silicon. Or you can concentrate the suns rays using mirrors, boil water with them, and employ the steam to driv
39、e a generator. Both work. But both are expensive. Gang Chen of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Zhifeng Ren of Boston College therefore propose, in a paper in Nature Materials, an alternative. They suggest that a phenomenon called the thermoelectric effect might be used insteadand they
40、have built a prototype to show that the idea is practical. In their view, three things are needed to create a workable solar-thermoelectric device. The first is to make sure that most of the sunlight which falls on it is absorbed, rather than being reflected. The second is to choose a thermoelectric
41、 material which conducts heat badly(so that different parts remain at different temperatures)but electricity well.【F2】 The third is to be certain that the temperature gradient which that badly conducting material creates is not frittered away by poor design. The two researchers overcame these challe
42、nges through clever engineering. The first they dealt with by coating the top of the device with oxides of hafnium, molybdenum and titanium, in layers about 100 nanometres thick.【F3】 These layers acted like the anti-reflective coatings on spectacle lenses and caused almost all the sunlight falling on the device to be absorbed. The second desideratum, of low thermal and high electrical conductivity, was achieved by dividing the bismuth telluride into pellets a few nanometres across.【F4】 That does not affect their electrical conductivity, but
