1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 140 及答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：7，分数：70.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_When one uses the scientific method to study or invest
2、igate nature or the universe, one is practicing scientific thinking. All scientists practice scientific thinking, of course, since they are actively studying nature and investigating the universe by using the scientific method. But scientific thinking is not reserved solely for scientists.【F1】 Anyon
3、e can “think like a scientist“ who learns the scientific method and, most importantly, applies its precepts, whether he or she is investigating nature or not. 【F2】 When one uses the methods and principles of scientific thinking in everyday lifesuch as when studying history or literature, investigati
4、ng societies or governments, seeking solutions to problems of economics or philosophy, or just trying to answer personal questions about oneself or the meaning of existenceone is said to be practicing critical thinking. Critical thinking is thinking correctly for oneself that successfully leads to t
5、he most reliable answers to questions and solutions to problems. In other words, critical thinking gives you reliable knowledge about all aspects of your life and society, and is not restricted to the formal study of nature. Some professionals in the humanities, social sciences, jurisprudence, busin
6、ess, and journalism practice critical thinking as well as any scientist, but many, alas, do not.【F3】 Scientists must practice critical thinking to be successful, but the qualifications for success in other professions do not necessarily require the use of critical thinking, a fact that is the source
7、 of much confusion, discord, and unhappiness in our society. The scientific method has proven to be the most reliable and successful method of thinking in human history, and it is quite possible to use scientific thinking in other human endeavors. For this reason, critical thinking is being taught i
8、n schools throughout the United States, and its teaching is being encouraged as a universal ideal.【F4】 The important point is this: critical thinking is perhaps the most important skill a student can learn in school and college, since if you master its skills, you know how to think successfully and
9、reach reliable conclusions, and such ability will prove valuable in any human endeavor, including the humanities, social sciences, commerce, law, journalism, and government, as well as in scholarly and scientific pursuits. 【F5】 Since critical thinking and scientific thinking are, as I claim, the sam
10、e thing, only applied for different purposes, it is therefore reasonable to believe that if one learns scientific thinking in a science class, one learns, at the same time, the most important skill a student can possesscritical thinking. This, to my mind, is perhaps the foremost reason for college S
11、tudents to study science, no matter what one“s eventual major, interest, or profession.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_Empirical evidence is evidence that one can see, hear, touch, taste, or smell; it is evidence that is susceptible
12、 to one“s senses.【F1】 Empirical evidence is important because it is evidence that others besides yourself can experience, and it is repeatable, so empirical evidence can be checked by yourself and others. 【F2】 Empirical evidence is the only type of evidence that possesses these attributes and is the
13、refore the only type used by scientists and critical thinkers to make vital decisions and reach sound conclusions. We can contrast empirical evidence with other types of evidence to understand its value.【F3】 Hearsay evidence is what someone says they heard another say; it is not reliable because you
14、 cannot check its source. Better is testimonial evidence, which, unlike hearsay evidence, is allowed in courts of law. But even testimonial evidence is notoriously unreliable, as numerous studies have shown. Courts also allow circumstantial evidence(e. g. , means, motive, and opportunity), but this
15、is obviously not reliable. The most common alternative to empirical evidence, authoritarian evidence, is what authorities(people, books, billboards, television commercials, etc.)tell you to believe. Sometimes, if the authority is reliable, authoritarian evidence is reliable evidence, but many author
16、ities are not reliable, so you must check the reliability of each authority before you accept its evidence. In the end, you must be your own authority and rely on your own powers of critical thinking to know if what you believe is reliably true. Transmitting knowledge by authority is, however, the m
17、ost common method among humans for three reasons; first, we are all conditioned from birth by our parents through the use of positive and negative reinforcement to listen to, believe, and obey authorities; second,【F4】 it is believed that human societies that relied on a few experienced or trained au
18、thorities for decisions that affected all had a higher survival value than those that didn“t, and thus the behaviorial trait of susceptibility to authority was strengthened and passed along to future generations by natural selection; third, authoritarian instruction is the quickest and most efficien
19、t method for transmitting information we know about.【F5】 But remember: some authoritarian evidence and knowledge should be validated by empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and critical thinking before you should consider it reliable, and, in most cases, only you can do this for yourself.（分数：10.00
20、）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_Scientists and critical thinkers always use logical reasoning. 【F1】 Logic allows us to reason correctly, but it is a complex topic and not easily learned; many books are devoted to explaining how to reason cor
21、rectly, and we can not go into the details here. However, I must point out that most individuals do not reason logically, because they have never learned how to do so.【F2】 Logic is not an ability that humans are born with or one that will gradually develop and improve on its own, but is a skill or d
22、iscipline that must be learned within a formal educational environment. Emotional thinking, hopeful thinking, and wishful thinking are much more common than logical thinking, because they are far easier and more congenial to human nature. Most individuals would rather believe something is true becau
23、se they feel it is true, hope it is true, or wish it were true, rather than deny their emotions and accept that their beliefs are false. 【F3】 Often the use of logical reasoning requires a struggle with the will, because logic sometimes forces one to deny one“s emotions and face reality, and this is
24、often painful. But remember this: emotions are not evidence, feelings are not facts, and subjective beliefs are not substantive beliefs. Every successful scientist and critical thinker spent years learning how to think logically, almost always in a formal educational context. Some people can learn l
25、ogical thinking by trial and error, but this method wastes time, is inefficient, is sometimes unsuccessful, and is often painful. 【F4】 The best way to learn to think logically is to study logic and reasoning in a philosophy class, take mathematics and science courses that force you to use logic, rea
26、d great literature and study history, and write frequently. Reading, writing, and math are the traditional methods that young people learned to think logically(i. e. correctly), but today science is a fourth method. Perhaps the best way is to do a lot of writing that is then reviewed by someone who
27、has critical thinking skills.【F5】 Most people never learn to think logically; many illogical arguments and statements are accepted and unchallenged in modern society often leading to results that are counterproductive to the good of society or even tragicbecause so many people don“t recognize them f
28、or what they are.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_【F1】 When people tell me that they love animals because they“re feeling beings and then go on to abuse them, I tell them that I“m glad they don“t love me. Recognizing that animals hav
29、e emotions is important because animals“ feelings matter. Animals are sentient beings experiencing the ups and downs of daily life, and we must respect this when we interact with them.【F2】 While we obviously have much more to learn, what we already know should be enough to inspire changes in the way
30、 we treat other animals. We must not simply continue with the status quo because that is what we“ve always done and it“s convenient to do so. What we know has changed, and so should our relationships with animals. Quite often what we accept as “good welfare“ isn“t “good enough“. Our relationship wit
31、h other animals is a complex, ambiguous, challenging and frustrating affair, and we must continually reassess how we should interact with our nonhuman kin. Part of this reassessment involves asking difficult questions. Thus, I often ask researchers who conduct invasive work “Would you do that to you
32、r dog?“ 【F3】 Some are startled to hear this question, but it“s a very important one to ask because if someone won“t do something to their dog that they do daily to other dogs or to mice, rats, cats, monkeys, pigs, cows, elephants or chimpanzees, we need to know why. Humans have enormous power to aff
33、ect the world any way we choose. Daily, we silence sentience in innumerable animals in a wide variety of venues.【F4】 However, we also know that we“re not the only sentient creatures with feelings, and with the knowledge that what hurts us hurts them comes the enormous responsibility and obligation t
34、o treat other beings with respect, appreciation, and compassion. 【F5】 There“s no doubt whatsoever that, when it comes to what we can and cannot do to other animals, it“s their emotions that should inform our discussions and our actions on their behalf.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3
35、).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_Emotions are the gifts of our ancestors. We have them, and so do other animals. We must never forget this. Where does history end and current affairs begin? John Lewis Gaddis, who is often described as the dean of cold-war historians, has no doubts
36、 about his own special subject.【F1】 To his students at Yale University, many of whom were still children when the confrontation with the Soviets ended in 1989. he-writes, the cold war is “history: not all that different from the Peloponnesian War“. With a mixture of wistfulness and wonderment, Mr. G
37、addis notes: “When I talk about Stalin and Truman, even Reagan and Gorbachev, it could as easily be Napoleon, Caesar or Alexander the Great. “ It is partly in deference to a new generation that Mr. Gaddis has decided to write a fresh and admirably concise history of the cold war. With disarming fran
38、kness, he also admits that his agent had spotted a gap in the market. But Mr. Gaddis“ latest work avoids the obvious trap of simply being a summary of his earlier writings, the historian“s equivalent of a “Greatest Hits“ album.【F2】 While the books that made Mr. Gaddis“ reputation, in particular his
39、1982 classic, “ Strategies of Containment“, necessarily concentrated on the American perspective, his latest work provides a much more rounded picture by drawing on the flood of information that has come out from the Soviet side since the end of the cold war. Mr. Gaddis recounts not only what Truman
40、. Kennedy and Reagan were thinking, but also how Stalin, Khrushchev and Mikhail Gorbachev responded to the same events. The reader learns, for example, how close the Americans came to winning the Korean war and creating a united, pro-western Korea. At one point Stalin seemed resigned to the defeat o
41、f North Korea. Mr. Gaddis quotes him as “wearily“ remarking: “So what. Let it be. Let the Americans be our neighbours. “ The pro-western tide was turned only when Mao persuaded his own advisers that China must intervene, and sent 300,000 troops to support Kim II Sung. The American side of the cold w
42、ar has been familiar for a long time. But even here Mr. Gaddis“ mastery of the material, his fluent style and eye for the telling anecdote make his new work a pleasure.【F3】 The reader comes across plain speaking Harry Truman worrying privately about the need for a complete change in human nature if
43、the nuclear age was not to be succeeded by the “insect age or an atmosphereless planet“. There is also the sleepless Richard Nixon leaving the White House in the early hours of the morning to argue with anti-Vietnam-war demonstrators gathered under the Lincoln Memorial. 【F4】 As one of America“s leading historians, Mr. Gaddis has been consulted by President George Bush on several occasions -notably just before Mr. Bush made his second
