1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 150 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_If there is one central, recurring mistake the Unit
2、ed States makes when dealing with the rest of the world, it is to assume that creating political stability is easy. The adversaries in Iraq and Afghanistan remind us that “the most important distinction among countries concerns not their form of government but their degree of government.“ Look aroun
3、d. So many of the world“s problemsfrom terrorists in Waziristan to the devastating AIDS epidemic in Africa to piracy in Somaliaare caused or made worse by governments that are unable to exercise real authority over their lands or people. That was the central insight of Samuel P. Huntington, the grea
4、test political scientist of the last half-century, who died on Christmas Eve. Huntington is most famous for The Clash of Civilizations, but his scholarly reputation properly rests on his earlier work. His analysis of political order had immediate, real-world applications. While studying the topic, h
5、e was asked by Lyndon Johnson“s administration to assess the progress of the Vietnam War. After touring the place he argued, in 1967 and 1968, that America“s strategy in South Vietnam was fatally flawed. The Johnson administration was trying to buy the people“s support through aid and development. B
6、ut money wasn“t the key, in Huntington“s view. The segments of South Vietnam“s population that had resisted the Viet Cong“s efforts had done so because they were secure within effective local communities structured around religious or ethnic ties. The United States, however, wanted to create a moder
7、n Vietnamese nation and so refused to reinforce these “backward“ sources of authority. This 40-year-old analysis describes our dilemma in Afghanistan today. Huntington noticed a troubling trend. Sometimes, progress American stylemore political participation or faster economic growthactually created
8、more problems than it solved. If a country had more people who were economically, politically and socially active and yet lacked effective political institutions, such as political parties, civic organizations or credible courts, the result was greater instability. That has been the story of parts o
9、f the Third World over the past three decades. Think of Pakistan, whose population has gone from 68 million in 1975 to 165 million today, while its government has proved ill equipped to tackle the basic tasks of education, security and social welfare. Living through change, people have often stuck w
10、ith their oldest and most durable source of security: religion. That was the most important message of The Clash of Civilizations. While others were celebrating the fall of communism and the rise of globalization, he saw that with ideology disappearing as a source of human identity, religion was ret
11、urning to the fore.（分数：10.00）(1).The central insight of Samuel P. Huntington refers to（分数：2.00）A.governments have the power to establish real authority.B.governments“ inability results in many global problems.C.governments should rely on their people to exercise power.D.terrorism can be defeated onl
12、y if governments work together.(2).Huntington“s analysis of political order had immediate, real-world applications in that（分数：2.00）A.his political views trace back to authentic study of Vietnam War.B.his academic achievements have changed some global environments.C.his analysis makes problems in Vie
13、tnam as well as Afghanistan clear.D.his ideas are the fundamentals for America“s strategy in Vietnam.(3).What is the troubling trend that Huntington has noticed?（分数：2.00）A.America is to effectively reconstruct political institutions worldwide.B.American style of enterprise is not proper in Pakistan.
14、C.America is to copy its way of boosting economy in other countries.D.American way of handling things has caused some troubles.(4).To which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?（分数：2.00）A.If governments are unable to exercise its authentic authority, wars will never be seen
15、 again.B.If a country lacked successful political parties, it will be threatened by social in stability.C.Vietnam War is the result of poor governing, insecure domestic and global environment.D.Local people in Vietnam welcomed the idea of creating a modern nation with little interest.(5).The most im
16、portant message of The Clash of Civilizations is that（分数：2.00）A.the oldest source of security lies in belief.B.people believe in various concepts.C.people can not get away from religion.D.all ideologies lead to religion.Writing for an historical series is tricky, and the outcome is not always a succ
17、ess. The best overall European history in English is the old Fontana History of Europe, but it was uneven in quality, and it suffered because the volumes appeared so far apart in time. The new Penguin History of Europe has only recently begun. But judging by this second volume in a projected eight-v
18、olume series, it is going to be a smashing success. Tim Blanning, a Cambridge history professor brings to his period knowledge, experience, sound judgment and a colorful narrative style. His broad range is evident from the start when, in place of the usual recitation of politics and battles, he expo
19、unds on such themes as communications, transport, demography and farming. Indeed, much of what might be seen as traditional history is pushed back to the fourth and final part of the book. Not the least of Mr. Blanning“s achievements is his integrated approach to the entire continent. He jumps nimbl
20、y from Spain to the Low Countries, from Russia to Austria, from Prussia to Turkey. Many of Europe“s royal families were related, after all. The author also expertly places the history of the two greatest rivals of the day, England and France, in its wider European context. Any British Eurosceptic wh
21、o thinks his country“s history is detached from continental Europe“s would realize from even the most inadequate reading of this book how bound up with the continent it has in fact always been. The 17th and 18th centuries in Europe were, above all, a period of war. Indeed, it seemed at times as if F
22、rance and Austria, the leading martial powers in 1648, did little else but fight. Sometimes war helped to stimulate economic and commercial development. But it is striking that it fell to Britain, which enjoyed at least a few years of peace, to pioneer Europe“s industrialization. The book is stronge
23、r on the 18th century than on the second half of the 17th, reflecting the author“s own historical bias. Another weakness is that, though there is a reasonable bibliography, it has no footnotes citing sources, a scandalous omission in a work with serious academic pretensions. It also sometimes takes
24、for granted a basic grounding in the history of the period, which may be problematic for students at whom it is presumably in part aimed. But overall Mr. Blanning has produced a triumphant success.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is true about the old Fontana History of Europe?（分数：2.00）A.Some pa
25、rts are good, while others not.B.It is an eight-volume historical series.C.It is not a successful historical series.D.It becomes less famous as time goes by.(2).In the second volume, Tim Blanning wrote the History of Europe（分数：2.00）A.in a traditional way.B.in an unconventional way.C.in a separate wa
26、y.D.in a funny way.(3).France and Austria are mentioned in Paragraph 4 to show that（分数：2.00）A.they were the leading European military powers in the 17th century.B.war between these two countries failed to spur economic and commercial development.C.war was quite a common thing in the 17th and 18th ce
27、nturies in Europe.D.the war between them made them lag behind England in development.(4).The author thinks Mr. Blanning“s work is flawed because（分数：2.00）A.it is ethnically biased.B.it is uneven in quality.C.it lacks bibliography.D.it omits the footnotes.(5).We can learn from the text that the second
28、 volume of the Penguin History of Europe（分数：2.00）A.is the best book on overall European history.B.overtly criticized British Euroscepticism.C.explored the European history separately.D.is an overall success despite certain flaws.There“s a huge hoo-ha in America about an article published on the busi
29、ness website F. It starts off like this: “Guys: a word of advice. Marry pretty women or ugly ones. Short ones or tall ones. Just, whatever you do, don“t marry a woman with a career.“ The writer, Michael Noer cites a piece in Social Forces, a US research journal that has apparently found marrying a w
30、orking woman dramatically ups the risk of having a difficult marriage. Even those with a “feminist“ outlook are happier when their husband is the primary breadwinner. You can imagine the outcry the article has caused. Women readers aren“t happy. What is interesting about all of this is that I suspec
31、t Noer“s central pointthat working women are trouble and that you“re better off with an obedient little breeder or, indeed, a trophy wifeis more widely held by men than you or I might imagine. It stems in part from a sweet but inane desire for first class malehoodme man, me provide, me gain big-eyed
32、 gratitude for ace wage-earning skillsand from chronic sexual insecurity. If your nice little wife is safely at home all day, instead of running around the boardroom with men who might be somewhat much better than you, she“s more likely to admire your manly skills and talents when you come home at n
33、ight, and not realize what she“s missing. That“s the theory, anyway. The practice, I have observed over the years, is somewhat different. Men love nothing more than coming home to an ordered house, sleeping children, dinner in the oven and a cocktail waiting on the table, but they don“t necessarily
34、go a whole hog on the conversation that goes with it: “Such a funny thing happened at playgroup“; “I“ve found that if I puree the broccoli, they don“t really notice they“re eating it“. And so on. Then women are all surprised when men seem not to listen, or to be distracted. She doesn“t want to talk
35、about broccoli either but her brain seems to be withering more and more with the birth of each child. She wants to watch Newsnight but she“s too tired. How can she be tired, the husband wonders, when she“s at home all day? What does she do? I don“t want to get drawn into the unproductive name callin
36、g that passes for debate on the question of working versus stay-at-home women. The point, surely, is that women should have the freedom to do exactly what they wish to do with their lives, and that very freedom is only real if it originates from women themselves. Marry a man who is happy for you to
37、be you, happy whether you do or don“t work.（分数：10.00）(1).In Michael Noer“s view, marrying a career woman is risky because（分数：2.00）A.career women will usually get unhappy.B.career women are feminists and demanding.C.it“s more likely to lead to an unhappy marriage.D.the marriage is bound to be difficu
38、lt.(2).The word “outcry“(Line 1, Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.controversy.B.consequence.C.a loud cry.D.protest.(3).According to the author, many men prefer trophy wives to working women because（分数：2.00）A.they feel working women are trouble.B.they desire first class malehood and sex
39、ual security.C.they feel working women are not safe at home.D.they love the comfortable home their wives have made.(4).The two quoted sentences in Lines 4-5, Paragraph 4 are used to show that（分数：2.00）A.housewives like to talk about trivial things in life.B.men like to have light conversations with t
40、heir wives when they arrive at home.C.men like the feeling of a comfortable home but not necessarily the trivial conversations.D.women are energetic and talkative because they don“t have to work outside.(5).The author holds in the last paragraph that women should（分数：2.00）A.give birth to fewer babies
41、 and do less housework.B.find someone who supports their decisions about their lives.C.talk with their husbands and then decide what to do with their own lives.D.break up with their husband and get the freedom they want.You wrinkle your nose and narrow your eyelids if you see a dead rat in the road,
42、 but you open your eyes and mouth wide if you see a live one in your bedroom. Why is that? Facial expressions are usually thought of as simple tools of communication, but in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Charles Darwin proposed that they may prepare us to react to situat
43、ions when he noticed that some expressions seemed to be used across cultures and even species. Now Joshua Susskind and his colleagues at the University of Toronto, Canada, have put that idea to the test. Susskind“s team wondered whether the characteristic expressions of feareyes wide open, eyebrows
44、raised and mouth agapemight improve how sensory information is acquired and so increase alertness. Conversely disgustwith the face all squeezed upmight blunt the senses, shielding us from unpleasant sights and smells. The researchers asked subjects to complete various tests while holding a fearful,
45、disgusted or neutral expression. In one they had to identify when a spot entered their field of view. In another they were required to shift their focus as quickly as possible between two targets on a computer screen. How much air the volunteers breathed in while expressing fear and disgust was also
46、 measured. In each case the wide-eyed Home Alone(the movie series starring Macaulay Culkin)face let significantly more of the world in. Subjects with wide-open eyes detected peripheral objects more quickly and performed side-to-side eye movements faster. They also took in more air with each breath w
47、ithout exerting any extra effort. An Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan showed the nasal cavity was enlarged while subjects held this expression, which the team suggest could be linked with a greater ability to absorb odors. “These changes are consistent with the idea that fear, for example, is a postu
48、re towards vigilance, and disgust a posture towards sensory rejection,“ says Susskind. His team is already at work on experiments to explore to what extent the brain can use this extra information to enhance performance. “What was nice was the number of different ways they got at this question,“ say
49、s Elizabeth Phelps at New York University. “They were very creative.“ She thinks the work could open up a whole new way of thinking about facial expressions.（分数：10.00）(1).Charles Darwin“s The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals proposed that facial expressions might（分数：2.00）A.act as a simple tool of cross-cultural communication.B.get people ready to the changes of circumstances.C.be diffi
