1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 166 及答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：8，分数：50.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension_2.Part B_The nation“s 47 million uninsured are not the only reason that health care has become a big issue in the presidential campaigns. 1Even back in 2005, the health expenditures for
2、 each U.S. citizen exceeded the entire per capita incomes of Chile or Venezuela. The soaring spending is rooted in the nation“s technophilia: medical technology accounts for asmuch as half the growth in health care spending. 2Our love affair with next-generation imagingmachines, implantable devices
3、and the like has blinded us to the reality that little evidence often exists for whether something novel works any better than existing equipment, procedures or chemicals. The recently published book Overtreated by New America Foundation Fellow Shannon Brownlee documents how surgical operations to r
4、elieve back pain, elective angioplasties that enlarge partially blocked coronary arteries and superfluous computed tomography contribute to the $400 billion to $700 billion in medical care that does not better our health In 2005 the state of Ohio had more magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners th
5、an did all of Canada, leading physicians in Toledo to joke about why cars passing by city hospitals don“t swerve out of control because of strong magnetic fields. 3 Brownlee“s book does not even touch on some ultra-high tech, such as the University of Texas M.D.Anderson Cancer Center“s $125-million
6、proton-beam faculty, filled with a physics-grade particleaccelerator, that kills tumor cells. 4One solution, advocated by Brownlee and some other healthpolicy analysts, is a renewal of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)or the creation of an organization like itthat would compare d
7、ifferent treatments. It would be entrusted with comparing the benefits and risks of drugs, procedures and medical devices, while assessing any benefits against costs. The same Newt Gingrichled Congress that eliminated the office of Technology Assessment in 1995 almost did away with the AHRQ, which b
8、arely survived with diminished funding and powers. 5For a revitalized AHRQ or a clone thereof to work as it should will require that a newpresident follow through with adequate funding, an assurance that Medicare will consider seriously its findings and, perhaps most important, a Federal Reservelike
9、 independence from the momentary whims ofthe political establishment. Awatchdog thathelpsto ensure we pay only forwhat works, notwithstanding the entreaties of drug companies and equipment manufacturers to do the opposite, will provide a powerful brake on the growing costs already choking our medica
10、l system. A.Questions remain, however, about whether proton beams are more effective than another form of radiotherapy that M. D.Anderson already offers. B.Besides leaving many uncovered, the U.S. also has trouble controlling the spending habits of a health care giant that is on track to consume 20
11、cents of every dollar by 2015, a tripling from 1970 levels. C.It now serves only as an information clearinghouse, not an organization that makes recommendations on Medicare reimbursement decisions. D.Although this trend has benefited everyonewitness the near halving of heart attack deaths from 1980
12、to 2000not all those added dollars have been as well spent as drug and device manufacturers would have us believe. E.Yet studies have shown that imaging techniques such as MRI have not improved diagnosis as much as doctors and patients think they have. F.Several Democratic candidates, including Sena
13、tors Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama, have expressed their approval to the need for institutes that would lay the foundation for “evidence-based“ medicine.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_We have come to think of teenagers as a breed apartask any parent of one. But as a driver of cultur
14、e, as a consumer niche, as a state of contrariness, the subspecies known as teenager wasn“t even identified until World War II, the point at which British music writer Jon Savage“s fascinating new book, Teenage: The Creation of Youth Culture 1875-1945, ends. 1. Amid the chaos of mass urbanization in
15、 the late 19th century, teens were already notoriously drawn to trouble. The street gangs that carved up New York City back then were fueled by crime, but many members joined primarily for the sake of the fringe benefitsaccess to the forbidden pleasuresof drink, drugs and sex. 2For example, the Pari
16、sian gangsters of that eraknown as Apacheswore silk scarves and, writes Savage, “an air of bourgeois arrogance.“ In England“s inner cities, where there were regular pitched battles between gangs, the look was edgier. A youth worker in the 1890s noted that a proper Manchester “scuttler“ could be iden
17、tified by a loose white scarf, plastered-down hair, bell-bottom trousers. In 1898, G. Stanley Hall, an American psychology pioneer, defined a new stage of life called “adolescence,“ characterized by parental conflict, moodiness and risk taking. Contrary to the disciplinarian ethos of the day, Hall r
18、ecommended that adolescents be given “room to be lazy.“ His prediction that “we shall one day attract the youth of the world by our unequaled liberty and opportunity,“ not only prophesied a culture that would revere youth but also patented it as American. 3The view of a German lieutenant colonel, Ba
19、ron Colmar von der Goltz, in 1883 that “thestrength of a nation lies in its youth,“ was pretty much shared by all the muscle-flexing European powers of that era. World War I ultimately spent the lives of as many as 3 million of Europe“s adolescents, and the pangs were felt for decades. “The Great Wa
20、r,“ Savage writes, “forever destroyed the automatic obedience that elders expected from their children.“ In the Europe of the 1920s, that generational dissent was mostly expressed either in the arts (JeanCocteau, Fritz Lang, Aldous Huxley) or in outright decadence. 4Nowhere more so than in Germany,w
21、here the Wandervogel, a popular, free-spirited, back-to-nature youth movement whose nonpolitical ideals had survived World War I, found itself hijacked in the 1930s by the Hitler Youth. By 1939, membership of the Hitler Youth stood at 8.9 million. 5The self-styled Swing Kids of Hamburg and the Zazou
22、s of Paris paid a heavy price in beatings and scalpings for growing their hair, wearing Zoot suits, and dirty dancing to banned jazz. “Instead of uniformity, they proclaimed difference; instead of aggression, overt sexuality,“ writes Savage, with as good a recipe as any for the teenage era that was
23、about to dawn. Teenage is a bracing reminder that the tides of teen rebellion after 1945 were always about more than loud music and fashion. That story has often been told, not least by Savage in his 1991 history of punk, England“s Dreaming. A.His prediction was proved right. But in Europe, any such
24、 optimism was overwhelmed by a half-century of war and talk of war. B.Despite the clamps on freedom during the first years of World War II, the pockets of youthful defiance that Savage describes in Germany and occupied France showed a daring contempt for fascist authority, expressing it to the beat
25、of American pop culture. C.But caught up in a renewed spiral to war, youths, many of them jobless, were soon being courted by political groups on the left and right. D.His 576-page trawl through the social commentary, memoirs and report of Europe and the U.S. in those decades shows how all the indic
26、ators of modem youth culturethe generational antagonism, the moral panics, the idealism, the shocking dress sensewere in place long before teenagers made a name for themselves. E.What“s yet to be accounted for is the curious disappearance in recent years of the generation gap between teens and their
27、 elders. F.And then, as ever since, young toughs also had an eye to fashion. G.Poverty and lack of education were recognized early on as the root problem of these disaffected youths.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_5.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate
28、the underlined segments into Chinese._Richard Rorty was one of the most talked-about thinkers in America. Every professional philosopher in the English-speaking world had to study his masterpiece, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, published in 1979.【F1】 But the reason why he was a superstar is th
29、at it was not only philosophers who read him; students and teachers in many other branches of the humanities fellunder his spell as well. This wide appeal was partly due to his approachable style and breadth of learning. It also helped that he attacked philosophy as a self-important pretender with n
30、o monopoly on deep truths. In fact, for Rorty there weren“t really any deep truths at all. He saw himself as a pragmatist in the American tradition of William James and (especially) John Dewey.【F2】 He says that beliefs should be.judged by their usefulness, and not by any supposed correspondence with
31、 an ultimate reality that hides behind the landscape of everyday life. This sort of pragmatism reduces philosophy to just one form of enlightening conversation among many. Rorty began studies at the University of Chicago at the age of 15. He was married, divorced and remarried. There were rows with
32、departmental colleagues. He wrote a lot and died of cancer.【F3】 If Neil Gross, who is an American sociologist, had set out to write a traditional biography of Rorty, he would not have had a gripping tale to tell. Instead he has used Rorty as a case study in the sociological analysis of academe. Why
33、did he do it?【F4】 Unfortunately for anyone who is not a professional sociologist, Mr.Gross is more interested in distinguishing subtly different ways of answering this question than he is in the question itself. And his writing seems almost designed to make pedestrian generalizations sound as if the
34、y are insights:【F5】 “As thinkers move across the life course and are affiliated with different institutions, they may pick up from some of them the same elements that they integrate into their self-concept narratives.“ Almost by accident, Mr.Gross does shed some light on Rorty“s development. He show
35、s that his estrangement from his colleagues at Princeton was a natural evolution from his early studies in Chicago and graduate work at Yale. Those who agree with Rorty“s critique of philosophy will be tempted to conclude from this volume that sociology is even worse.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).
36、【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_There are no comprehensive statistics to chart the astounding surge of Europeans demanding cosmetic surgery along with a wide range of “noninvasive“ procedures that inject threads, compounds and potions to lift and remodel, smooth a
37、nd tighten. But even fragmented data on Europe“s booming transformation industry tell an extraordinary story. 【F1】 Once an indulgence of the moneyed elite and a professional necessity for actress-model-whatev-ers, cosmetic alterations are becoming a mass-market activity. Think you don“t know anyone
38、vain e-nough or desperate enough to try it? Think again.【F2】 Odds are that a friend, a colleague, the teller in your bank or that commuter you sit opposite most days has already gone in for a little work, who are not considered vain or desperate or from a different planet. 【F3】 And opinion polls con
39、ducted all over Europe point to a widening acceptance of cosmetic surgery as a part of normal lifeparticularly among the young. The research company Forsa found that 13% of Germans say they would consider surgical enhancement; that number rises to 20%1 in 5among the under-30s. Fifteen percent of 14-
40、year-old British girls and boys wouldn“t rule out going under the knife, according to a survey by the Priory mental-health-care group. Why is cosmetic surgery growing so fast in Europe?【F4】 The Continent“s aging profile may go some way to explain why older Europeans regard plastic surgeons as high p
41、riests, while the newly powerful appeal of the religion for younger generations is tougher to interpret. Time reporters spoke to practitioners, social scientists and psychologists to try to understand why Europeans place such a high value on beauty. And we talked to patients of different nationaliti
42、es, from teenagers to retirees, about the choices they have made, their expectations and their livesbefore and after. They mentioned the temptingly wide range of options on price, procedure and location. But their answers hinted at deeper cultural shifts, too. Cosmetic surgery today isn“t just the p
43、reserve of the riches who parade their tight faces, or the stars whose undernourished frames barely support their plumpness. Rather, the cosmetic-surgery boom reflects changing patterns of behavior in Europe. Plenty of patients go under the knife for the oldest reason of allbecause they want to look
44、 more beautiful.【F5】 But a surprising number attribute their passion for cosmetic surgery to televisionto a lot of programs designed to convince viewers that a makeover is something they need feel no guilt in desiring. Something else is new, too; increasingly, cosmetic surgery is for men as much as
45、for women. In the intersection between the search for beauty, the power of TV and the needs of the new male, Europe“s face is changing literally.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_A Darwinian understanding of culture begins with the observation that the arts appear in every human society and yield intense delight. When evolutionary psychologists detect those qualities, bells start ringin
