1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 61 及答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：7，分数：70.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_As people in rich countries know very well, eating t
2、oo much food and burning too few calories is why a substantial number of us are overweight or obese. Now, however, a remarkable change in perspective has come from the discovery that obesity actually provides people with temporary protection from the harmful effects of fat. The insight has come from
3、 re-examining the common assumption that fatness itself drives the development of metabolic syndrome, which is what causes so much of the actual damage. The syndrome comes with a mixture of life-threatening effects, with cardiovascular disease (diseases relating to the heart and blood vessels) and t
4、ype 2 diabetes being among the most serious. In fact, it now seems that body fat may be a barrier that stops millions of Americans and fatty citizens elsewhere from going on to develop the syndrome. And the real damage is caused by the inflammatory effect of high levels of fat in the bloodstream. An
5、d ironically, it“s fat cells that protect us from this by serving as toxic dumps, locking away the real villains of the modern diet. The problem is that this protection only lasts so long, until there is simply no more room inside the fat cells. That“s when they start to break down, leading to a tox
6、ic spill into the bloodstream. This sets off an inflammatory response that causes various kinds of damage to body tissues. In this way, every excess calorie takes people closer to metabolic syndrome. So what can we do to stop a superabundance of fat triggering the syndrome? Of course there“s no subs
7、titute for a healthy diet and exercise, but incitation to this effect seem to be of limited use. As with cigarettes and alcohol, a tax on caloriespricing foods by their energy contentis increasingly seen as another “lever“ to change behaviour by making obesity too costly. The new research may even s
8、uggest treatments to combat metabolic syndrome, such as antiinflammatory drugs. One promising candidate is salsalate, an arthritis drug related to aspirin, and the Joslin Diabetes Center in Boston is now considering large-scale trials. What might be more helpful, though, is simply a wider recognitio
9、n that fatty and sugary foods are more directly toxic than we had assumed. Ideally, people should be as well informed about the harmful effects of what they eat as, for example, pregnant women are about drinking and smoking. There is a consolationyou have your fat tissue to protect you when you cons
10、ume that extra burger or sweetened soda. But now you know the perils of pushing your friendly fat cells beyond their natural limits.（分数：10.00）(1).It“s implied in the first paragraph that the reasons for obesity include overeating and _.（分数：2.00）A.lacking exerciseB.absorbing fatsC.keeping unhealthy d
11、ietsD.burning calories(2).From Paragraph 2 we know that the real villain of actual damages is _.（分数：2.00）A.fat cellsB.metabolic syndromeC.cardiovascular diseaseD.bloodstream fats(3).The protective function of fat cells stop working once _.（分数：2.00）A.their capacity reaches a limitB.toxin spills into
12、the bloodstreamC.an inflammatory response appearsD.metabolic syndrome is developed(4).The author indicates in the text that obesity can be restricted by_.（分数：2.00）A.putting fat“s protective function to full useB.unifying people“s diet and exercise habitsC.raising the prices of cigarettes and alcohol
13、D.manipulating food prices by their calorie content(5).To combat metabolic syndrome, the author“s suggestion is to _.（分数：2.00）A.develop more anti-inflammatory drugsB.ask people to keep away from fatty foodC.strengthen the awareness of the harms of fatty foodD.protect pregnant women from tobacco and
14、wine“What“s the difference between God and Larry Ellison?“ asks an old software industry joke. Answer: God doesn“t think he“s Larry Ellison. The boss of Oracle is hardly alone among corporate chiefs in having a reputation for being rather keen on himself. Indeed, until the bubble burst and the publi
15、c turned nasty at the start of the decade, the worship of the celebrity chief executive seemed todemand bossly narcissism, as evidence that a firm was being led by an all-conquering hero. Narcissus met a nasty end, of course. And in recent years, boss-worship has come to be seen as bad for business.
16、 In his management bestseller, “Good to Great“, Jim Collins argued that the truly successful bosses were not the self-proclaimed stars who adorn the covers of Forbes and Fortune, but instead self-effacing, thoughtful sorts who lead by inspiring example. A statistical answer may be at hand. For the f
17、irst time, a new study, “It“s All About Me“, to be presented next week at the annual gathering of the American Academy of Management, offers a systematic, empirical analysis of what effect narcissistic bosses have on the firms they run. The authors, Arijit Chatterjee and Donald Hambrick, of Pennsylv
18、ania State University, examined narcissism in the upper rank of 105 firms in the computer and software industries. To do this, they had to solve a practical problem: studies of narcissism have relied on surveying individuals personally, something for which few chief executives are likely to have tim
19、e or inclination. So the authors devised an index of narcissism using six publicly available indicators obtainable without the co-operation of the boss. These are: the prominence of the boss“s photo in the annual report; his prominence in company press releases; the length of his “Who“s Who“ entry;
20、the frequency of his use of the first person singular in interviews; and the ratios of his cash and non-cash compensation to those of the firm“s second-highest paid executive. Narcissism naturally drives people to seek positions of power and influence, and because great self-esteem helps your profes
21、sional advance, say the authors, chief executives will tend on average to be more narcissistic than the general population. Messrs Chatterjee and Hambrick found that highly narcissistic bosses tended to make bigger changes in the use of important resources, such as research and development, or in sp
22、ending; they carried out more and bigger mergers and acquisitions; and their results were both more extreme (more big wins or big losses) and more unstable than those of firms run by their humbler peers.（分数：10.00）(1).Larry Ellison is mentioned in the first paragraph to show that _.（分数：2.00）A.some co
23、rporate chiefs like to compare themselves to GodB.many corporate chiefs are notorious for being selfishC.egotism of a boss is fundamental to the success of a firmD.a boss“ narcissism might have an effect on his business(2).The statement “Narcissus met a nasty end“ (Para. 2) implies that _.（分数：2.00）A
24、.selfishness of a boss will be subject to public criticismB.egotism of chief executives may lead to undesirable consequencesC.a self-centered boss is always troubled with business disastersD.boss-worship will result in self-asserted leaders(3).The study “It“s All About Me“ is designed to _.（分数：2.00）
25、A.offer all-encompassing answers to the American Academy of ManagementB.analyze the effect of selfishness on a boss as well as company employeesC.explore the relationship between a boss“ character and business performanceD.test whether narcissism should be valued in the computer industry(4).In parag
26、raph 4, the author discusses_.（分数：2.00）A.six indicators that might reveal a boss“ narcissismB.the reason why a boss might be unwilling to be surveyedC.how to use an index of narcissism to conduct surveysD.a way of improving survey results in the studies of narcissism(5).From the text we can conclude
27、 that the author thinks _.（分数：2.00）A.great self-esteem is the prime source of narcissismB.chief executives are more likely to become self-absorbedC.narcissism drives a boss to take less but larger risksD.the humbler the boss is, the easier his management might beI am addicted to electricity. So are
28、you. And so is your business. We live in an “always on“ worldair conditioners, streetlights, TVs, PCs, cell phones, and more. And with forecasts that we“ll need 40% more electricity by 2030, determining how we can realistically feed our energy addiction without ruining our environment is the critica
29、l challenge of the new century. Of course, wecould buy energy-saving appliances or drive fuel-efficient cars. We can recycle cans, bottles, and newspapers. We can even plant carbon-absorbing trees. But, no matter how much we may wish they would, these acts by themselves won“t satisfy our energy dema
30、nds.To do that, we need a diverse energy mix that takes a practical, rather than emotional, approach. Enter nuclear energy. Nuclear alone won“t get us to where we need to be, but we won“t get there without it. Despite its controversial reputation, nuclear is efficient and reliable. It“s also clean,
31、emitting no greenhouse gases or regulated air pollutants while generating electricity. And with nuclear power, we get the chance to preserve the Earth“s climate while at the same time meeting our future energy needs. Moreover, many of the management woes that gave the early nuclear business a black
32、eye have finally been overcome.A five-year project in Alabama was completed on time and very close to budget. Also, US-designed reactors have been built in about four years in Asia, and new nuclear plants on the drawing board for installation here in America will be licensed by the Nuclear Regulator
33、y Commission under a speedier process that should be far more efficient than the one in place when the 104 nuclear facilities operating today were licensed. But this streamlined process will not compromise nuclear safety and security. The NRC holds nuclear reactors to the highest safety and security
34、 standards of any American industry.A two-day national security simulation in Washington, D.C., in 2002 concluded nuclear plants “are probably our best defended targets.“ And because of their advanced design and sophisticated containment structures, US nuclear plants emit a negligible amount of radi
35、ation. Even if you lived next door to a nuclear power plant, you would still be exposed to less radiation each year than you would receive in just one round-trip flight from New York to Los Angeles. Here“s the reality: The US needs more energy, and we need to get it without further harming our envir
36、onment. Everything is a trade-off. Nothing is free, and nuclear plants are not cheap to build. But we have a choice to make: We can either continue the 30-year debate about whether we should embrace nuclear energy, or we can accept its practical advantages. Love it or not, expanding nuclear energy m
37、akes both environmental and business sense.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the first paragraph, in order to satisfy our energy needs, we need to _.（分数：2.00）A.mix all kinds of energiesB.focus on our energy addictionC.do everything to save energyD.establish a diversified energy structure(2).According to th
38、e passage, nuclear energy could _.（分数：2.00）A.enjoy a good and popular fameB.provide us with adequate energy in futureC.help us get to where we need to beD.keep our climate clean(3).The expression “a black eye“ (Para. 3) most probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.an unfriendly attitudeB.a pleasant attitudeC.a
39、changing attitudeD.a doubtful attitude(4).The national security simulation in 2002 shows that_.（分数：2.00）A.nuclear plants should be best protectedB.nuclear radiation would be much less and not so seriousC.nuclear safety and security standards would be the strictestD.nuclear technology should be highl
40、y advanced and sophisticated(5).The author“s attitude toward the nuclear energy could possibly be_.（分数：2.00）A.affirmative and supportiveB.controversial and doubtfulC.unnecessary but importantD.important but dangerousIf American medicine were a patient, he would weigh 350 pounds and be gaining fast.
41、Despite being repeatedly counseled about the dangers of morbid obesity, he would be making at best half-hearted attempts to mend his gluttonous (excessive drinking and eating) ways. Meanwhile, his doctors, insurance company, politicians and regulators would remain in a deep state of denial, clutchin
42、g theillusion that their patient, other than being a bit overweight, was in tip-top health. Truth be told, the US medical system is headed for multiple organ failure. The spiraling cost of healthcare is well known: $7,100 per person this year, projected to increase to $12,000 in 2015 and compounding
43、 at more than double the rate of inflation. Already, medical care gobbles up one-sixth of the GDP. Even so, we ask ourselves, how better to spend our money on the best healthcare in the world? Not so fast. The facts show that these enormous expenditures may be buying us the best facilities in medica
44、l carebut not the best health. For example, Canada spends only 60% as much per person on healthcare as the United States. Yet, since 1980, the longevity of all Canadians has improved more rapidly than that of only white Americans. Yes, the “queues“ in Canada can involve delays in nonemergency care.
45、But these could be shortened with relatively small increases in funding. An article in the US journal Health Affairs investigating the number of Canadians who come here to avoid these waits found the number so small that it asked, “ A tip with no iceberg? “ Britain spends only 40% as much as we do o
46、n healthcare. But according to the Journal of the American Medical Assn., middle-class insured Americans “are much less healthy than their English counterparts“. In fact, although Americans spend twice as much per person on healthcare as the other 21 wealthiest countries, data from the World Health
47、Organization show that we live the shortest amount of time in good health2.5 years less than the average in the other countries. Reviewing a Dartmouth Medical School study that found higher mortality rates in areas that spent the most on Medicare, professor Elliott Fisher concluded that “perhaps a t
48、hird of medical spending is now devoted to services that don“t appear to improve health or the quality of careand may make things worse.“ This means that the US is wasting more than $650 billion a yearhalf again more than the entire Defense Department will spend this year, including the cost of the
49、war in Iraqon unnecessary and often harmful.（分数：10.00）(1).In the opening paragraph, American medicine is compared to a patient to show that _.（分数：2.00）A.it has wasted the US government a huge amount of moneyB.it is so problematic and troublesome that it is past cureC.it is generally wholesome except for some minor problemsD.it is as problem-ridden
