1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 455 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_An old saying has it that half of all advertising
2、budgets are wastedthe trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral“ ads at those most likely to buy. In the past couple of weeks a quarrel ha
3、s illustrated the value to advertisers of such fin e-grained information: should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission? In December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Commission(FTC)proposed adding a “do not track“(DNT)option
4、 to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft s Internet Explorer and Apple s Safari both offer DNT; Google s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance(DAA)agreed that the industry would get c
5、racking on responding to DNT requests. On May 31 st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear in Windows 8, would have DNT as a default. Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on
6、now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, one of the groups in the DAA, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. “People will not get fewer ads,“ he says. “The
7、y 11 get less meaningful, less targeted ads.“ It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking w
8、ith Microsoft s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway. Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost whol
9、ly on advertising,it has chosen an indirect method:there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Micro
10、softs chief privacy officer, blogged: “we believe consumers should have more control.“ Could it really be that simple?（分数：10.00）(1).It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioral“ ads help advertisers to（分数：2.00）A.ease competition among themselves.B.lower their operational costs.C.avoid complaints
11、from consumers.D.provide better online services.(2).“The industry“(Para. 3)refers to（分数：2.00）A.online advertisers.B.e-commerce conductors.C.digital information analysis.D.internet browser developers.(3).Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default（分数：2.00）A.many cut the number of junk ads.B.fails
12、 to affect the ad industry.C.will not benefit consumers.D.goes against human nature.(4).Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?（分数：2.00）A.DNT may not serve its intended purpose.B.Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.C.DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.D.Advertisers ar
13、e obliged to offer behavioral ads.(5).The author s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of（分数：2.00）A.indulgence.B.understanding.C.appreciation.D.skepticism.Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someon
14、e else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and its just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch. Unfortunately, ba
15、nks lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficu
16、lt. After a bruising encounter with Congress, America s Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the
17、FASB s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.“ Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.“ European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB)do likewise. The IAS
18、B says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum“ but “in the real world“ and that Europe c
19、ould yet develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not b
20、e known for years. But bank s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains. To get the system working ag
21、ain, losses must be recognized and dealt with. Americas new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rul
22、es on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.（分数：10.00）(1).Bankers complained that they were forced to（分数：2.00）A.follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules.B.collect payment
23、s from third parties.C.cooperate with the price managers.D.reevaluate some of their assets.(2).According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in（分数：2.00）A.the diminishing role of management.B.the revival of the banking system.C.the banks long-term asset losses.D.the weakening of it
24、s independence.(3).According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB s attempt to（分数：2.00）A.keep away from political influences.B.evade the pressure from their peers.C.act on their own in rule-setting.D.take gradual measures in reform.(4).The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet“ i
25、n that they（分数：2.00）A.misinterpreted market price indicators.B.exaggerated the real value of their assets.C.neglected the likely existence of bad debts.D.denied booking losses in their sale of assets.(5).The authors attitude towards standard-setters is one of（分数：2.00）A.satisfaction.B.skepticism.C.ob
26、jectiveness.D.sympathy.First two hours, now three hoursthis is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines. Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedure
27、s in return for increased safety. The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And
28、it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating. Last year, the Transportation Security Administration(TSA)found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weaponsboth fake and realpast airport security nearly every time th
29、ey tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicagos OHare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has becomebut the
30、lines are obvious. Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are t
31、rying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this. There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for tra
32、velers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved. The TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck. It has not gotten anywhere close to that,
33、 and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck s fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, b
34、y helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways. The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time o make the program work.（分数：10.00）(1).The crash of EgyptAir Flight 8
35、04 is mentioned to（分数：2.00）A.stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.B.explain American s tolerance of current security checks.C.highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. Airports.D.emphasize the importance of privacy protection.(2).Which of the following contributes to long waits
36、at major airports?（分数：2.00）A.New restrictions on carry-on bags.B.The declining efficiency of the TSA.C.An increase in the number of travelers.D.Frequent unexpected secret checks.(3).The word “expedited“(Para. 5)is closest in meaning to（分数：2.00）A.quieter.B.faster.C.wider.D.cheaper.(4).One problem wit
37、h the PreCheck program is（分数：2.00）A.a dramatic reduction of its scale.B.its wrongly-directed implementation.C.the governments reluctance to back it.D.an unreasonable price for enrollment.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.Getting Stuck in Security LinesB.PreCh
38、ecka Belated SolutionC.Less Screening for More SafetyD.Underused PreCheck LanesRobert F. Kennedy once said that a countrys GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.“ With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a ti
39、mely moment to assess what he was referring to. The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and miss things that do. By most recent measures, the UKs GDP has been the envy of th
40、e Western World, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country s economic prospects? A recent annual study of countries and their ability to conv
41、ert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvement for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria f
42、rom health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing. While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 glob
43、al crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isnt the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality and the environmen
44、t. This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a countrys success, the world looks very different. So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measu
45、re, it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental equality or education outcomesall things that contribute to a persons sense of well-being. The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depe
46、nd on for our well-being and for growth. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.（分数：10.00）(1).Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he（分数：2.00）A.praised the UK for its GDP.B.ide
47、ntified GDP with happiness.C.misinterpreted the role of GDP.D.had a low opinion of GDP.(2).It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that（分数：2.00）A.the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.B.the UK will contribute less to the world economy.C.GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the
48、UK.D.policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.(3).Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?（分数：2.00）A.It excludes GDP as an indicator.B.It is sponsored by 163 countries.C.Its criteria are questionable.D.Its result are enlightening.(4).In the last two paragraphs, th
49、e author suggests that（分数：2.00）A.the UK is preparing for an economic boom.B.high GDP foreshadows an economic decline.C.it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.D.it requires caution to handle economic issues.(5).Which of the following is the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK LessonB.GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic HealthC.Rob
