1、中国人民大学英语语言学真题 2007 年及答案解析(总分：30.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the 1 it is associated with.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_2. 1 is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the d
2、eletion of a supposed affix of a longer form already present in the language. For example, the verb edit was formed from editor by dropping the supposed derivational suffix -or.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_3.Some morphemes like -ish, -ness, -ly, -dis, trans-, un-, are never words by themselves but are always par
3、ts of words. These affixes are 1 morphemes.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_4. 1 can be denied as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_5.One of the important distinctions in linguistics is 1 and parole. The f
4、ormer is the French word for “language“, which is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking, listening, writing and-reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors.（分数：1.00）填空
5、项 1:_6.H. P. Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maxim of _: Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words, speak truthfully; do not lie.（分数：1
6、.00）填空项 1:_7. 1 proposes that every speaker knows a set of principles which apply to all languages and also a set of parameters that can vary from one language to another, but only within certain limits.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_8. 1 refers to varieties of a language used by individual speakers, with peculiar
7、ities of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. In fact, no two speakers speak exactly the same dialect. Each speaker has certain characteristic features of his own in his way of speaking.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_9.According to 1 period hypothesis, in child development there is a period during which language
8、 can be acquired more easily than at any other time. The period lasts until puberty (around age 12 or 13 years), and is due to biological development.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_10. 1 refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses
9、.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_11.Explain criterion-referenced and norm-referenced language tests.（分数：5.00）_12.Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.（分数：5.00）_13.One famous scholar says that language is an interesting subject to study on its own right, for the simple reason
10、that everybody uses it every day. It is unbelievable that we know very little about something we are so familiar with. Just a few questions will arouse your interest in language. Why should we call the thing we sit on chair? Cant we call chair table and table chair? How is it that children dont seem
11、 to make a big effort in learning their first language while we adults have to work very hard to learn a second language? Why can we talk about yesterday and last year while cats and dogs never seem to make noises about their past experience? Do you think we can think as clearly without language as
12、with language? Does language determine what we think or thought determines what we say? These questions make us curious about language and linguistics can satisfy our curiosity. To seek the answer to any of these questions is a good reason for studying linguistics.（分数：10.00）_中国人民大学英语语言学真题 2007 年答案解析
13、(总分：30.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the 1 it is associated with.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：meaning）解析：解析 本题考查语言的定义特点之一任意性，考生也应掌握语言的二层性、多产性和移位性。2. 1 is a type of word-formation by which
14、 a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix of a longer form already present in the language. For example, the verb edit was formed from editor by dropping the supposed derivational suffix -or.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Backformation）解析：解析 本题考查构词法中的逆向构词法定义，考生也应掌握其他构词方法如发明、混合、词缀、缩略等。3.S
15、ome morphemes like -ish, -ness, -ly, -dis, trans-, un-, are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are 1 morphemes.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：bound）解析：解析 本题考查黏着语素的定义，考生也应了解自由语素、词根和词缀等概念。4. 1 can be denied as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other han
16、d, attempts to show the relationship between language and society.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Pragmatics）解析：解析 本题考查语用学的定义，考生也应知道语言学其他分支学科的概念。5.One of the important distinctions in linguistics is 1 and parole. The former is the French word for “language“, which is the abstract knowledge necessary for spea
17、king, listening, writing and-reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：langue）解析：解析 本题考查语言和言语的概念和区别，考生也应掌握描写与规定、共时与历时等语言学研究中的重要区分。6.H. P. Grice believ
18、es that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maxim of _: Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words, speak truthfully; do not lie.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：quality
19、）解析：解析 本题考查合作原则中的质量准则，考生还应把握其他准则内容。7. 1 proposes that every speaker knows a set of principles which apply to all languages and also a set of parameters that can vary from one language to another, but only within certain limits.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Chomsky）解析：解析 本题考查 Chomsky 对语言习得机制的理解，考生还应把握转换生成语法
20、的历史演变。8. 1 refers to varieties of a language used by individual speakers, with peculiarities of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. In fact, no two speakers speak exactly the same dialect. Each speaker has certain characteristic features of his own in his way of speaking.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Id
21、iolect）解析：解析 本题考查个人方言的定义，考生还应把握方言、地域方言、时间方言和标准方言等语言变体概念。9.According to 1 period hypothesis, in child development there is a period during which language can be acquired more easily than at any other time. The period lasts until puberty (around age 12 or 13 years), and is due to biological developmen
22、t.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：critical）解析：解析 本题考查关键期假说。10. 1 refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Cohesion）解析：解析 本题考查衔接的定义，考生还应把握衔接与连贯的区别及其表现手段。11.Explain criterion-referenced and norm-refer
23、enced language tests.（分数：5.00）_正确答案：(Later in 1971, Glaser and Nitko made clear and simple definition for Criterion-referenced Test (CRT): A criterion-referenced test is one that is deliberately constructed to yield measurements that are directly interpretable in terms of specified performance stand
24、ards. Performance standards are generally specified by defining a class or domain of tasks that should be performed by the individual.A norm-referenced test (NRT) is a type of test which determines a students placement on a normal distribution curve. Students compete against each other on this type
25、of assessment. This is what is being referred to with the phrase, “grading on a curve“. Norm-referenced tests are more concerned with spreading individuals along with an ability continuum, the normal curve, than with the nature of the task to be attained, which is the focus of criterion-referenced t
26、ests.)解析：解析 本题考查测试中的标准参照考试和常模参照考试，答案可参照网址：http: /en wikipedia.org/wiki/Criterion-referenced_test http: /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm-referenced_test12.Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.（分数：5.00）_正确答案：(G. Leech (1981) categorizes seven kinds of meaning, five o
27、f which are brought under the “associative meaning“.1)Conceptual meaning: logical, cognitive or denotative content.2)Connotative meaning: what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to.3)Social meaning: what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.4)Affective meaning:
28、what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.5)Reflected meaning: what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.6)Collocative meaning: what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of anothe
29、r word.7)Thematic meaning: what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.For example, the conceptual meaning of “woman“ is “a female human“. The connotative meaning of “woman“ is “gentle, nice, etc.“ in some cultures. The affective meaning of “woman
30、“ is “a person regarded as attractive and friendly but a humiliated person in some cultures“. The word “woman“ can be in collocation with “beautiful, pretty, nice, friendly, etc./)解析：解析 本题考查 Leech 区分的七种意义。13.One famous scholar says that language is an interesting subject to study on its own right, f
31、or the simple reason that everybody uses it every day. It is unbelievable that we know very little about something we are so familiar with. Just a few questions will arouse your interest in language. Why should we call the thing we sit on chair? Cant we call chair table and table chair? How is it th
32、at children dont seem to make a big effort in learning their first language while we adults have to work very hard to learn a second language? Why can we talk about yesterday and last year while cats and dogs never seem to make noises about their past experience? Do you think we can think as clearly
33、 without language as with language? Does language determine what we think or thought determines what we say? These questions make us curious about language and linguistics can satisfy our curiosity. To seek the answer to any of these questions is a good reason for studying linguistics.（分数：10.00）_正确答
34、案：(Linguistics is a usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language. Linguistics is a rich and exciting field and has firmly established its place as a major branch of social science. As a recognized academic subject, it is an area with immense resea
35、rch potential, and a scholarly “industry“. The justification for these booming ventures should be obvious. Language is so valuable to the individual, so critical to the efficient functioning of human societies, and in itself so impressively intricate and profound in structure, that is bound to attra
36、ct a great amount of intellectual attention. And since this attention must produce studies which have practical importance (e.g. in speech therapy, education, techniques of translation and many more “applied“ concerns), linguistics is bound to be an academically and economically favoured pursuit. It
37、 is also a subject of theoretical importance, for one thing, structuralism originating from Saussures views has influenced many other related social sciences such literary studies and social studies. In China the study of language has a long history but modem linguistics still has a long way to go to enjoy a “boom“.)解析：解析 本题考查语言学学习的重要性和意义。
