1、同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语-45 及答案解析(总分：99.99，做题时间：90 分钟)四、Test One(总题数：1，分数：24.00)New research shows that when people“s minds drifted from the task or activity at hand, they reported being less happy than when they were fully engaged in whatever they were doing. The human mind is uniquely capable of wanderingth
2、at is, to ponder things that have happened, to anticipate things that will happen, and to plan for things that might happen, explained study author Matthew Killingsworth, a doctoral candidate in psychology at Harvard University. The ability is one of the traits that makes human beings human, he note
3、d. Yet, cognitive wandering comes at a cost, which is that when people are thinking about something other than what they“re doing, they feel less happy, the researchers discovered. “Human beings seem to have this unique capacity to focus on the non-present. They have the ability to reflect on the pa
4、st, plan for the future and imagine things that might never occur,“ Killingsworth said. “But at the same time, human beings are clumsy (不得当的) users of this capacity and it tends to decrease, rather than increase, happiness.“ In the study, 2,250 participants were prompted at random times throughout t
5、he day using an iPhone Web application. They were asked how they were feeling, what they were doing, if they were thinking about something other than what they were doing and whether whatever they were contemplating was pleasant (say, daydreaming about a vacation), unpleasant (perhaps worrying about
6、 a relationship or finances) or neutral in nature. According to the study, participants spent nearly 47 percent of their waking hours with their mind in a wandering state. “This study shows that our mental lives are pervaded, to a remarkable degree, by the non-present,“ Killingsworth said. That is,
7、with one notable exception. When describing what they were doing, participants could choose from 22 activities, including walking, eating, shopping, watching TV, commuting and working. Generally, people also reported being the happiest when exercising or conversing. They said they were least happy w
8、hen resting or sleeping, working or using a home computer. When it came to what they were thinking about, 42.5 percent thought of pleasant topics, 26.5 percent thought of unpleasant topics, while 31 percent were thinking neutral thoughts. And while people who were thinking of pleasant things were ha
9、ppier than people thinking of unpleasant things, even those thinking happy thoughts were less happy than people who were fully engaged in whatever they were doing. Barbara Becker Holstein, a psychologist and “happiness coach“ in Long Branch, N.J., said the findings speak to the importance of doing t
10、hings that provide a sense of purpose and meaning. Such activities make it easier to stay focused, Holstein explained. “This research is incredible and fascinating,“ Holstein said. “But long before the research, psychologists and many educators recognized that in order to feel a sense of wellbeing,
11、you need to feel you have purpose and meaning in life. That means you are containing the mind around certain projects and activities, and are forcing the mind not to be all over the place all day long.“（分数：24.00）(1).What did the researchers discover according to the passage?（分数：4.00）A.The human mind
12、 is capable of wandering.B.The human mind is much complicated.C.People will not be much happy if not engaged.D.People“s mind often drifts from things at hand.(2).What is the attitude of Matthew Killingsworth toward human ability to wander?（分数：4.00）A.Favorable.B.Suspicious.C.Detached.D.Negative.(3).T
13、he word “contemplating“ (Para. 5) most probably means _.（分数：4.00）A.WanderingB.ConfusingC.WorryingD.Planning(4).Which of the following is TRUE according to Matthew Killingsworth“s study?（分数：4.00）A.People feel the happiest when thinking about pleasant things.B.People feel less happy when idling rather
14、 than engaged.C.People feel least happy when thinking about unpleasant things.D.People feel less happy when doing a lot of exercises.(5).What does the phrase “speak to“ (Para. 11) mean in the passage?（分数：4.00）A.Mention.B.Explain.C.Recommend.D.Demonstrate.(6).According to Barbara Becker Holstein, the
15、 findings of Killingsworth“s study help to demonstrate the importance of（分数：4.00）A.having purpose and meaning in lifeB.thinking about pleasant thingsC.feeling a sense of well-beingD.imaging the future occurrence五、Test Two(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The rapid rise in college costs has caught the attention of Con
16、gress, which is taking steps to at least give the public reason to hope for a break on tuition bills. New legislation, expected to clear the House and Senate after press time on July 31, includes provisions designed to put pressure on colleges, universities, and states to rein in the escalating pric
17、e of a college education. The best potential for doing so, some experts say, lies in the searchable college data that the US Department of Education will post online to bring transparency (透明度) to tuition rates and the “net price“ students pay after receiving aid. One set of lists would spotlight th
18、e 5 percent of institutions with the largest percentage tuition increase over the past three yearsin categories such as public, private, four-year, and two-year. They would have to report to the Ed Department the reasons for the tuition hikes . “There are lists that no college or university wants to
19、 be on. They don“t want to be on The Princeton Review“s Top 10 party school list.and they“re not going to or want to be on the list.saying they have raised their tuition faster than others,“ says Terry Hartle, a senior vice president at the American Council on Education, a higher education advocacy
20、and research group in Washington. But it“s difficult to predict the level of impact such supervision will have, given the variety of factors that affect college pricing, he adds. Within a year of the bill“s passage, students and parents should be able to use online calculators to estimate what any g
21、iven college would cost based on their income level and family situation. Since most students receive financial aid, it“s important for families to see this net price, experts say, rather than simply compare based on the full-charge “sticker price.“ There“s little agreement about how effective these
22、 new requirements of the Higher Education Opportunity Act will be, but many experts say they can“t hurt.（分数：20.00）(1).The word “escalating“ (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to “_“.（分数：4.00）A.sharply increasingB.slowly decreasingC.fiercely competingD.unexpectedly changing(2).According to the passage,
23、which colleges or universities will be more likely to be spotlighted?（分数：4.00）A.Those that do not have the searchable data.B.Those whose tuition rates are not transparent.C.Those whose tuition has increased the fastest.D.Those that are not among the 10 top ones.(3).What does the word “hike“ (Para. 4
24、) most probably mean in the passage?（分数：4.00）A.Increase.B.Change.C.Pressure.D.Concern.(4).It“s hard to anticipate the impact of the new legislation on controlling tuition increase because _.（分数：4.00）A.colleges and universities don“t want to be spotlightedB.colleges and universities refuse to disclos
25、e tuition ratesC.there are a combination of factors affecting college pricingD.the new legislation has not established the relevant bill(5).What is the author“s attitude toward controlling the increasing college tuition fees?（分数：4.00）A.Positive.B.CriticalC.Indifferent.D.Neutral.六、Test Three(总题数：1，分数
26、：24.00)When the heart breaks down, it beats irregularly or not at all. A bone can chip or snap. But when the complex network of neurons in our brain malfunctions, the result can be a near-endless variety and combinations of mental illnesses. It“s normal to sometimes be sad, happy, anxious, confused,
27、 forgetful or fearful, but when a person“s emotions, thoughts or behavior frequently trouble them, or disrupt their lives, they may be suffering from mental illness. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 450 million people worldwide are affected by mental, neurological or behaviora
28、l problems at any time. Among the best known and most common mental illnesses is depressiona prolonged, debilitating sadness, sometimes accompanied by a feeling of hopelessness and thoughts of suicide. Seasonal affective disorder is a type of depression that affects some people in the autumn and win
29、ter and is triggered by the shrinking hours of daylight and colder temperatures. Personality disorders are behaviour patterns that are destructive to the person themselves or those around them. In dissociative disorders, someone experiences a sudden change in consciousness or their concept of self.
30、In dissociative amnesia (遗忘症), for example, the result is a loss of part or all of their memories. Anxiety disorders are characterized by powerful feelings of stress and physical signs of fearsweating, a racing heartdue to some cue in the environment, or for no obvious reason at all. Madness has lon
31、g been linked with genius. Many famous artists, writers and scientists have suffered from mental disorders, leading some to wonder if there is a link between these illnesses and creativity. The mathematician John Nash struggled with schizophrenia while he developed the theory that earned him a Nobel
32、 Prize. The artist Vincent Van Gogh, the composer Robert Schumann and the writer Fyodor Dostoevsky are said to have suffered from a range of mental disorders including hypergraphia, a compulsion to writea sign perhaps their art emerged from an unrelenting urge to communicate. One possibility is that
33、 genes that predispose people to such devastating illnesses persist because when the syndromes are present in a milder form, this heightened creativity gives people an evolutionary advantage.（分数：24.00）(1).According to the passage, mental diseases may be caused when _.（分数：4.00）A.people“s heart beats
34、irregularly or not at allB.people have troubles and confusions in their livesC.people are abnormally sad or unhappy at minor thingsD.people“s neurons network in the brain does not work properly(2).Which of the following is TRUE about depression, according to the passage?（分数：4.00）A.It is a kind of me
35、ntal disease widely found in people.B.It is a seasonal disorder with different types.C.It affects people in autumn and winter.D.It is caused by the decrease of day time and colder temperatures.(3).Personality disorders are _.（分数：4.00）A.a kind of destructive behavior patternB.a sudden change in consc
36、iousness or self-conceptC.the unexpected loss of memoryD.an illness not affected by the change of seasons(4).The common syndromes of anxiety disorders are _.（分数：4.00）A.not identifiedB.stress and fearC.sweatingD.a racing heart(5).The examples of artists in Paragraph 4 are given to show that _.（分数：4.0
37、0）A.artists all have developed mental illnessB.creativity is attributed to mental illnessC.artists all have the strong desire to createD.there may be a link between genius and mental illness(6).What does the word “hypergraphia“ (Para. 4) most probably mean in the text?（分数：4.00）A.An extreme urge to t
38、alk.B.A mental problem to solve.C.A strong desire to compose.D.A syndrome to present.七、Test Four(总题数：1，分数：32.00)They are known as singles, singletons, the never-married, the divorced, and the widowed. What they share is that they are part of the country“s fastest-growing living unitmore than 31 mill
39、ion one-person households in 2010, according to the U. S. Census. Traditionally, relationship researchers have found that people living alone are on the bottom rung of the wellness ladder. They lack the emotional, financial, and daily help of a committed partner, which are major reasons why people i
40、n successful marriages and other strong two-person relationships live better in measures of health, happiness, and longevity. “When people succeed in having a good intimate relationship, it has so many benefits,“ says UCLA psychology professor Ben Karney. “Your body works better, your immune system
41、functions better, your body produces more antibodies. Study after study shows that people in good relationships live longer.“ Even severely ill people who were in good relationships recovered faster and lived longer than comparably ill people who were not in good relationships. Single men, in partic
42、ular, take especially poor care of themselves. “Unmarried men are more likely to have bad health habits than married men,“ says Linda Waite, a sociologist at the University of Chicago. “They drink too much, don“t eat well, don“t wear seat belts“ and don“t enjoy the kind of social supports they would
43、 in a committed relationship. Single women, by comparison, live better, precisely because they have better social connections and are used to taking care of themselves. However, many experts say the health and happiness disadvantages of living alone are disappearing. Social science research tends to
44、 look at a long-distance rearview mirror, analyzing large groups of people over many, many years. Current trends are easily documented. “Over the past 30 years, the health gap between the married and never-married has narrowed to almost nothing,“ says Debra Umberson, a sociologist at the University
45、of Texas. “Being not married has increasingly become an accepted option.“ “Once they accept being unmarried and make their peace with it, they live just as well as anyone else,“ says Deb Carr, a Rutgers University sociologist. “We see them expanding their definitions of what is a family. Not only do
46、 they have larger numbers of friends than married people, but they have more frequent contact with them and closer relationships with them.“ Carr says society has become friendlier to “never marrieds“ as well, and that people are more tolerant and supportive of a broad range of different ways people
47、 choose to live. Eric Klinenberg is a sociologist at NYU and author of a recent book about living alone called Going Solo . It supports, if not celebrates, the emergence of the one-person house-hold as an increasingly preferred living choice, not only in the United States but even more so in many We
48、stern European nations. Klinenberg is careful to distinguish among different types of one-person households when assessing their occupants“ health and well-being. He also thinks that much of the pro-marriage research is based on either misleading or flawed assumptions. “Many, if not most, studies of
49、 the health consequence of marriage compared currently married people versus never married people,“ he says. The adverse health consequences of divorce and widowhood are well-documented but are usually viewed separately from the positive health effects of people who remain married. No one gets married thinking the marriage will fail or their spouse will die, Klinenberg notes. And while staying married produces benefits, he says it“s impossible to conclude that simply getting married improves a person“s well-being and longevity compared with staying
