1、在职艺术硕士（MFA）全国联考英文阅读理解-试卷 5 及答案解析(总分：40.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、英文阅读理解题(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a “virtual“ or simulated environment for surgeons and other medica
2、l practitioners (从业者). “With virtual reality we“ll be able to put a surgeon in every trench,“ said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers. The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons bac
3、k in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets (头盔) that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier. Although Satava“s vision may be ye
4、ars away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected
5、 to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound. These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is findi
6、ng its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive sur
7、gical path to the tumor (肿瘤). Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient“s brain taken
8、before surgery. During these proceduresoperations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuveredsurgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeon
9、s can. Satava says, “We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine. “ (392 words )（分数：10.00）(1).According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine_.（分数：2.00）A.will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefieldB.can raise the spirits of
10、soldiers wounded on the battlefieldC.will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefieldD.can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield(2).Richard Satava has visions of_.（分数：2.00）A.using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseasB.wound
11、ed soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefieldC.wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeonsD.setting up mobile surgical units overseas(3).How is virtual reality surgery performed?（分数：2.00）A.It is performed by a computer-designed high precis
12、ion device.B.Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedback provided by a computer.C.Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to them.D.A 3-D image records the movements of the surgeons during the operation.(4).During virtual reality operations, the surgeon can have
13、 a better view of the cuts in the body because_.（分数：2.00）A.he is looking at the cuts on a computer screenB.the cuts can be examined from different anglesC.the cuts have been highly magnifiedD.he is wearing 3-D glasses(5).Virtual reality operations are an improvement on conventional surgery in that t
14、hey（分数：2.00）A.cause less pain to the woundedB.allow the patient to recover more quicklyC.will make human surgeons“ work less tediousD.are done by robot surgeons with greater precisionAsk most people how they define the American Dream and chances are they“ll say, “Success. “ The dream of individual o
15、pportunity has been home in American since Europeans discovered a “new world“ in the Western Hemisphere. Early immigrants like Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur praised highly the freedom and opportunity to be found in this new land. His glowing descriptions of a classless society where anyone could att
16、ain success through honesty and hard work fired the imaginations of many European readers: in Letters from an American Farmer (1782) he wrote, “We are all excited at the spirit of an industry which is unfettered (无拘无束的) and unrestrained, because each person works for himself. We have no princes, for
17、 whom we toil (干苦力活), starve, and bleed; we are the most perfect society now existing in the world. “ The promise of a land where “the rewards of a man“s industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor“ drew poor immigrants from Europe and fueled national expansion into the western territ
18、ories. Our national mythology (神话) is full of illustration of the American success story. There“s Benjamin Franklin, the very model of the self-educated, self-made man, who rose from modest origins to become a well-known scientist, philosopher, and statesman. In the nineteenth century, Horatio Alger
19、, a writer of fiction for young boys, became American“s best-selling author with rags-to-riches tales. The notion of success haunts us: we spend million every year reading about the rich and famous, learning how to “make a fortune in real estate with no money down“, and “dressing for success“. The m
20、yth of success has even invaded our personal relationships: today it“s as important to be “successful“ in marriage or parenthoods as it is to come out on top in business. But dreams easily turn into nightmares. Every American who hopes to “make it“ also knows the fear of failure, because the myth of
21、 success inevitably implies comparison between the haves and the have-nots, the stars and the anonymous crowd. Under pressure of the myth, we become indulged in status symbols: we try to live in the “right“ neighborhoods, wear the “right“ clothes, and eat the “right“ foods. These symbols of distinct
22、ion assure us and others that we believe strongly in the fundamental equality of all, yet strive as hard as we can to separate ourselves from our fellow citizens. (403 words)（分数：10.00）(1).What is the essence of the American Dream according to Crevecoeur?（分数：2.00）A.People are free to develop their po
23、wer of imagination.B.People who are honest and work hard can succeed.C.People are free from exploitation and oppression.D.People can fully enjoy individual freedom.(2).By saying “the rewards of a man“s industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor“ (Lines 1011, Para. 1), the author mean
24、s_.（分数：2.00）A.the more diligent one is, the bigger his returnsB.laborious work ensures the growth of an industryC.a man“s business should be developed step by stepD.a company“s success depends on its employees“ hard work(3).The characters described in Horatio Alger“s novels are people who_.（分数：2.00）
25、A.succeeded in real estate investmentB.earned enormous fortunes by chancesC.became wealthy after starting life very poorD.became famous despite their modest origins(4).It can be inferred from the last sentence of the second paragraph that_.（分数：2.00）A.business success often contributes to a successfu
26、l marriageB.Americans wish to succeed in every aspect of lifeC.good personal relationships lead to business successD.successful business people provide good care for their children(5).What is the paradox of American culture according to the author?（分数：2.00）A.The American road to success is full of n
27、ightmares.B.Status symbols are not a real indicator of a person“s wealth.C.The American Dream is nothing but an empty dream.D.What Americans strive after often contradicts their beliefs.Throughout the nation“s more than 15,000 school districts, widely differing approaches to teaching science and mat
28、h have emerged. Though there can be strength in diversity, a new international analysis suggests that this variability has instead contributed to lackluster (平淡的) achievement scores by U.S. children relative to their peers in other developed countries. Indeed, concludes William H. Schmidt of Michiga
29、n State University, who led the new analysis, “no single intellectually coherent vision dominates U.S. educational practice in math or science. “ The reason, he said, “is because the system is deeply and fundamentally flawed. “ The new analysis, released this week by the National Science Foundation
30、in Arlington, Va., is based on data collected from about 50 nations as part of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study. Not only do approaches to teaching science and math vary among individual U. S. communities, the report finds, but there appears to be little strategic focus within a
31、 school district“s curricula, its textbooks, or its teachers“ activities. This contrasts sharply with the coordinated national programs of most other countries. On average, U.S. students study more topics within science and math than their international counterparts do. This creates an educational e
32、nvironment that “is a mile wide and an inch deep,“ Schmidt notes. For instance, eighth graders in the United States cover about 33 topics in math versus just 19 in Japan. Among science courses, the international gap is even wider. U.S. curricula for this age level resemble those of a small group of
33、countries including Australia, Thailand, Iceland, and Bulgaria. Schmidt asks whether the United States wants to be classed with these nations, whose educational systems “share our pattern of splintered (支离破碎 的) visions“ but which are not economic leaders. The new report “couldn“t come at a better ti
34、me“, says Gerald Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teachers Association in Arlington. “The new National Science Education Standards provide that focused vision,“ including the call “to do less, but in greater depth“. Implementing the new science standards and their math counterpart
35、s will be the challenge, he and Schmidt agree, because the decentralized responsibility for education in the United States requires that any reforms be tailored and instituted one community at a time. In fact, Schmidt argues, reforms such as these proposed national standards “face an almost impossib
36、le task, because even though they are intellectually coherent, each becomes only one more voice in the babble (嘈杂声). “ (411 words)（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, the teaching of science and math in America is（分数：2.00）A.focused on tapping students“ potentialB.characterized by its diversityC.l
37、osing its vitality graduallyD.going downhill in recent years(2).The fundamental flaw of American school education is that_.（分数：2.00）A.it lacks a coordinated national programB.it sets a very low academic standard for studentsC.it relies heavily on the initiative of individual teachersD.it attaches to
38、o much importance to intensive study of school subjects(3).By saying that the U.S. educational environment is “a mile wide and an inch deep“ (Lines 23, Para. 5), the author means U.S. educational practice_.（分数：2.00）A.lays stress on quality at the expense of quantityB.offers an environment for compre
39、hensive educationC.encourages learning both in depth and in scopeD.scratches the surface of a wide range of topics(4).The new National Science Education Standards are good news in that they will（分数：2.00）A.provide depth to school science educationB.solve most of the problems in school teachingC.be ab
40、le to meet the demands of the communityD.quickly dominate U.S. educational practice(5).Putting the new science and math standards into practice will prove difficult because _.（分数：2.00）A.there is always controversy in educational circlesB.not enough educators have realized the necessity for doing soC
41、.school districts are responsible for making their own decisionsD.many school teachers challenge the acceptability of these standardsToo many vulnerable child-free adults are being ruthlessly (无情的) manipulated into parenthood by their parents, who think that happiness among older people depends on h
42、aving a grand-child to spoil. We need an organization to help beat down the persistent campaigns of grandchildless parents. It“s time to establish Planned Grandparenthood, which would have many global and local benefits. Part of its mission would be to promote the risks and realities associated with
43、 being a grandparent. The staff would include depressed grandparents who would explain how grandkids break lamps, bite, scream and kick. Others would detail how an hour of babysitting often turns into a crying marathon. More grandparents would testify that they had to pay for their grandchild“s expe
44、nsive college education. Planned grandparenthood“s carefully written literature would detail all the joys of grand-child-free life: a calm living room, extra money for luxuries during the golden years, etc. Potential grandparents would be reminded that, without grandchildren around, it“s possible to
45、 have a conversation with your kids, who incidentally would have more time for their own parents. Meanwhile, most children are vulnerable to the enormous influence exerted by grand-childless parents aiming to persuade their kids to produce children. They will take a call from a persistent parent, ev
46、en if they“re loaded with works. In addition, some parents make handsome money offers payable upon the grandchild“s birth. Sometimes these gifts not only cover expenses associated with the infant“s birth, but extras, too, like a vacation. In any case, cash gifts can weaken the resolve of even the no
47、blest person. At Planned Grandparenthood, children targeted by their parents to reproduce could obtain non-biased information about the insanity of having their own kids. The catastrophic psychological and economic costs of childbearing would be emphasized. The symptoms of morning sickness would be
48、listed and horrors of childbirth pictured. A monthly newsletter would contain stories about overwhelmed parents and offer guidance on how childless adults can respond to the different lobbying tactics that would-be grandparents employ. When I think about all the problems of our overpopulated world a
49、nd look at our boy grabbing at the lamp by the sofa, I wish I could have turned to Planned Grandparenthood when my parents were putting the grandchild squeeze on me. If I could have, I might not be in this parenthood predicament (窘境). But here“s the crazy irony, I don“t want my child-free life back. Dylan“s too much fun. (406 words)（分数：10.00）(1).What“s the purpose of the proposed organization Planned Grandparenthood?（分数：2.00）A.To encourage childless couples to have children.B.To provide facilities and services for grandchildless parents.C.To off
