1、英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编 76 及答案解析(总分：12.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、英汉互译(总题数：6，分数：12.00)1.英译汉（分数：2.00）_2.The biographer should sternly confine himself to his functions as introducer; and should give no more discussion than is clearly necessary for making the book an independent whole. A little analysis of motive may be n
2、ecessary here and there; when, for example, your hero has put his hand in somebody“s pocket and you have to demonstrate that his conduct was due to sheer absence of mind. But you must always remember that a single concrete fact, or a saying into which a man has put his whole soul, is worth pages of
3、psychological analysis. We may argue till Doomsday about Swift“s character, his single phrase about “dying like a poisoned rat in a hole“ tells us more than all the commentators. The book should be the man himself speaking or acting, and nothing but the man. It should be such a portrait as reveals t
4、he essence of character; and the writer who gives anything that does not tell upon the general effect is like the portrait-painter who allows the chairs and tables or even the coat and cravat, to distract attention from the face. The really significant anecdote is often all that survives of a life;
5、and such anecdotes must be made to tell properly, instead of being hidden away in a wilderness of the commonplace; they should be a focus of interest, instead of a fallible extract for a book of miscellanies. How much would be lost of Johnson if we suppress the incident of the penance at Uttoxter! I
6、t is such incidents that in books, as often in life, suddenly reveal to us whole regions of sentiment but never rise to the surface in the ordinary routine of our day.（分数：2.00）_3.The term genetically modified organism ( GMO) refers to plants, microbes and animals with genes transferred from other sp
7、ecies in order to produce certain novel characteristics (for example resistance to pests, or herbicides) and are produced by recombinant DNA technology. Four main sources of hazards of GMO are discussed by scientists worldwide: 1) those due to the new genes, and gene products introduced; 2 ) uninten
8、ded effects inherent to the technology; 3) interactions between foreign genes and host genes; and 4) those arising from the spread of the introduced genes by ordinary cross-pollination as well as by horizontal gene transfer. GM crops contain material, which is not present in them under natural condi
9、tions, and they form a part of our daily diet. To understand what effect they can have on us and on our animals, it is very important to study the influence of those GM plants in different organisms for several generations. At present, these studies are lacking from the scientific literature. Also,
10、several detrimental effects of GM crops had been showed on the metabolism of animals. The hazard of GMO was shown for animals and the environment in many investigations. Earlier it was shown that consumption of GM food by animals led to the negative changes in their organisms. Experiments, conducted
11、 by A. Pusztai showed that potatoes modified by the insertion of the gene of snowdrop lectin (雪花莲凝集素 ), stunted the growth of rats, significantly affected some of their vital organs, including the kidneys, thymus (胸腺) , gastrocnemius muscles (腓肠肌) and others and damaged their intestines and their im
12、mune system.（分数：2.00）_4.The misfortunes of human beings may be divided into two classes: First, those inflicted by the non-human environment and, second, those inflicted by other people. As mankind has progressed in knowledge and technique, the second class has become a continually increasing percen
13、tage of the total. In old times, famine, for example, was due to natural causes, and although people did their best to combat it, large numbers of them died of starvation. At the present moment large parts of the world are faced with the threat of famine, but although natural causes have contributed
14、 to the situation , the principal causes are human. For six years the civilized nations of the world devoted all their best energies to killing each other, and they find it difficult suddenly to switch over to keeping each other alive. Having destroyed harvests, dismantled agricultural machinery, an
15、d disorganized skipping , they find it no easy matter to relieve the shortage of crops in one place by means of a superabundance in another, as would easily be done if the economic system were in normal working order. As this illustration shows, it is now man that is man“s worst enemy. Nature, it is
16、 true, still sees to it that we are mortal, but with the progress in medicine it will become more and more common for people to live until they have had their fill of life. We are supposed to wish to live forever and to look forward to the unending joys of heaven, of which, by miracle, the monotony
17、will never grow stale. But in fact, if you question any candid person who is no longer young, he is very likely to tell you that, having tasted life in this world, he has no wish to begin again as a “new boy“ in another. For the future, therefore, it may be taken that the most important evils that m
18、ankind have to consider are those which they inflict upon each other through stupidity or malevolence or both.（分数：2.00）_5.What was the origin of the oil which now drives our motor-cars and aircraft? Scientists are confident about the formation of coal, but they do not seem so sure when asked about o
19、il. They think that the oil under the surface of the earth originated in the distant past, and was formed from living things in the sea. Countless billions of minute sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed. They were covered with huge deposits of mud, and by processes of chemistry, pr
20、essure and temperature were changed through long ages into what we know as oil. For these creatures to become oil it was necessary that they should be imprisoned between layers of rock for an enormous length of time. The statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map show
21、ing the chief oilfields of the world; very few of them are far distant from the oceans of today. In some places gas and oil come up to the surface of the sea from its bed. The rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too. They are sedimentary rocks, rocks which were laid down by the action o
22、f water on the bed of the ocean. Almost always the remains of shells, and other proofs of sea life, are found close to the oil. A very common sedimentary rock is called shale, which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on the sea bed. And where there is shale there is likely to
23、 be oil. Geologists, scientists who study rocks, indicate the likely places to the oil drillers. In some cases oil comes out of the ground without any drilling at all and has been used for hundreds of years, In the island of Trinidad the oil is in the form of asphalt, a substance used for making roa
24、ds. Sir Walter Raleigh visited the famous pitch lake of Trinidad in 1595; it is said to contain nine thousand million tons of asphalt. There are probably huge quantities of crude oil beneath the surface.（分数：2.00）_6.High-speed ground transportation ( HSGT) technologies with vehicle speeds exceeding 1
25、50 mph can be divided into two basic categories; High-speed rail (HSR) systems, with top speeds between 150 and 200 mph, use steel wheels on steel rails, as with traditional railroads, but can achieve higher speeds because of the design of both the rail bed and cars. High-speed magnetic levitation (
26、MAGLEV) systems, with top speeds between 250 and 300 mph, use forces of attraction or repulsion from powerful magnets placed in either the vehicle or the guideway beneath it both to lift the vehicle above the guideway and to propel it forward. A MAGLEV vehicle can be likened to a flying train or a g
27、uided aircraft. If linked effectively with highways and air service, HSGT technologiesparticularly MAGLEVcould have a significant impact on congestion in the future. When comparing HSR with MAGLEV technologies, MAGLEV appears to be the technology of choice. Though the new generation of HSR technolog
28、y can reach commercial speeds of up to 186 mph, additional increases in speed pose great engineering problems, suggesting that rail transportation is a mature technology. MAGLEV technology, on the other hand, is in its infancy and will improve substantially with additional engineering.（分数：2.00）_英语翻译
29、基础历年真题试卷汇编 76 答案解析(总分：12.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、英汉互译(总题数：6，分数：12.00)1.英译汉（分数：2.00）_解析：2.The biographer should sternly confine himself to his functions as introducer; and should give no more discussion than is clearly necessary for making the book an independent whole. A little analysis of motive may be nec
30、essary here and there; when, for example, your hero has put his hand in somebody“s pocket and you have to demonstrate that his conduct was due to sheer absence of mind. But you must always remember that a single concrete fact, or a saying into which a man has put his whole soul, is worth pages of ps
31、ychological analysis. We may argue till Doomsday about Swift“s character, his single phrase about “dying like a poisoned rat in a hole“ tells us more than all the commentators. The book should be the man himself speaking or acting, and nothing but the man. It should be such a portrait as reveals the
32、 essence of character; and the writer who gives anything that does not tell upon the general effect is like the portrait-painter who allows the chairs and tables or even the coat and cravat, to distract attention from the face. The really significant anecdote is often all that survives of a life; an
33、d such anecdotes must be made to tell properly, instead of being hidden away in a wilderness of the commonplace; they should be a focus of interest, instead of a fallible extract for a book of miscellanies. How much would be lost of Johnson if we suppress the incident of the penance at Uttoxter! It
34、is such incidents that in books, as often in life, suddenly reveal to us whole regions of sentiment but never rise to the surface in the ordinary routine of our day.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案： 传记作家应当严格地将自己限定在介绍人的角色，没有明显的必要，不应当给予太多讨论，应当让书成为独立的整体。当然，偶尔加人一些动机分析，是有必要的。例如，当你的作品中的主角将手伸入别人的口袋时，你必须要解释他的行为纯粹是因为心不在
35、焉。但是你必须要记住当一个人用全部灵魂去完成一件具体的事情或一生都在践行一句承诺时，这种行为值得大量的心理分析。我们一直在讨论斯威夫特笔下的人物，他的那一句“像中毒的老鼠一样在洞中慢慢死去”比所有的评论家告诉我们的都多。传记应当是书中人物本人在讲述或者表演，只有他自己，绝无他人。人物描写应当表现出人物的精髓，作家可以给出一些不会影响总体效果的描述，就像是肖像画家允许桌子椅子甚至是衣服或领结分散人们对肖像面部的注意力。真正重要的事件通常与生存相关，轶事必须恰当地讲出来，而不是淹没在平凡无奇的琐事中。这些轶事应当是公众兴趣的焦点，而不是从各种杂集中摘录的不可靠的信息。如果我们隐瞒了约翰逊曾在 Ut
36、toxter 大学受苦受难的经历，那将会是莫大的损失。不管是在书中还是在现实生活中，是这些小事件向我们展现了所有的情感，但是在日常生活中这些小事件却从来不为人所道。)解析：3.The term genetically modified organism ( GMO) refers to plants, microbes and animals with genes transferred from other species in order to produce certain novel characteristics (for example resistance to pests, o
37、r herbicides) and are produced by recombinant DNA technology. Four main sources of hazards of GMO are discussed by scientists worldwide: 1) those due to the new genes, and gene products introduced; 2 ) unintended effects inherent to the technology; 3) interactions between foreign genes and host gene
38、s; and 4) those arising from the spread of the introduced genes by ordinary cross-pollination as well as by horizontal gene transfer. GM crops contain material, which is not present in them under natural conditions, and they form a part of our daily diet. To understand what effect they can have on u
39、s and on our animals, it is very important to study the influence of those GM plants in different organisms for several generations. At present, these studies are lacking from the scientific literature. Also, several detrimental effects of GM crops had been showed on the metabolism of animals. The h
40、azard of GMO was shown for animals and the environment in many investigations. Earlier it was shown that consumption of GM food by animals led to the negative changes in their organisms. Experiments, conducted by A. Pusztai showed that potatoes modified by the insertion of the gene of snowdrop lecti
41、n (雪花莲凝集素 ), stunted the growth of rats, significantly affected some of their vital organs, including the kidneys, thymus (胸腺) , gastrocnemius muscles (腓肠肌) and others and damaged their intestines and their immune system.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：转基因生物是指利用基因重组的方法，引入其他物种基因所产生的包含某些新特性(如抗虫或抗除草剂)的植物、微生物和动物。全
42、球科学家列出了转基因生物危害的四大主要来源：(1)新基因以及被引进的基因产品存在的不可预测的隐患；(2)固有的技术产生的非预期效果；(3)外源基因和宿主基因的相互作用；(4)通过普通的异体授粉和水平基因转移所引人的基因的传播。 转基因作物包含在自然状态下不存在的物质，这些作物组成了我们日常饮食的一部分。为了更好地了解转基因植物对人类及其他动物的影响，研究转基因植物对不同生物连续几代的影响尤为重要。当前对转基因植物影响的研究缺乏科学文献的参考。同时某些转基因作物对动物新陈代谢的不利影响已经显现。早期研究发现，动物消费转基因食物之后它们的机体内会发生负面变化。APusztai 主导的实验表明，老鼠
43、食用注入了雪花莲凝集素基因的土豆后，生长受到阻碍，它们的主要器官(包括肾、胸腺、排肠肌等)受到极大影响，同时它们的肠和免疫系统也受到损伤。)解析：4.The misfortunes of human beings may be divided into two classes: First, those inflicted by the non-human environment and, second, those inflicted by other people. As mankind has progressed in knowledge and technique, the seco
44、nd class has become a continually increasing percentage of the total. In old times, famine, for example, was due to natural causes, and although people did their best to combat it, large numbers of them died of starvation. At the present moment large parts of the world are faced with the threat of f
45、amine, but although natural causes have contributed to the situation , the principal causes are human. For six years the civilized nations of the world devoted all their best energies to killing each other, and they find it difficult suddenly to switch over to keeping each other alive. Having destro
46、yed harvests, dismantled agricultural machinery, and disorganized skipping , they find it no easy matter to relieve the shortage of crops in one place by means of a superabundance in another, as would easily be done if the economic system were in normal working order. As this illustration shows, it
47、is now man that is man“s worst enemy. Nature, it is true, still sees to it that we are mortal, but with the progress in medicine it will become more and more common for people to live until they have had their fill of life. We are supposed to wish to live forever and to look forward to the unending joys of heaven, of which, by miracle, the monotony will never grow stale. But in fact, if you qu
