1、大学英语四级-118 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：100.00)The Recorded WorldAs cameras become ubiquitous (普遍存在的 ) and able to identify people, more safeguards on privacy will be needed. A. “This season there is something at the seaside worse than sharks,“ declared a newspaper in 1
2、890. “It is the amateur photographer.“ The invention of the handheld camera shocked 19th-century society, as did the “Kodak fiends“ who patrolled beaches snapping sunbathers. B. More than a century later, amateur photography is once more a troubling issue. Citizens of rich countries have got used to
3、 being watched by closed-circuit cameras that guard roads and cities. But as cameras shrink and the cost of storing data plummets (大幅下跌), it is individuals who are taking the pictures. C. Some 10,000 people are already testing a prototype of Google Glass, a miniature computer worn like spectacles. I
4、t aims to replicate all the functions of a smartphone in a device put on a person“s nose. Its flexible frame holds both a camera and a tiny screen, and makes it easy for users to take photos, send messages and search for things online. D. Glass may fail, but a wider revolution is trader way. In Russ
5、ia, where insurance fraud is commonly seen, at least 1 million cars already have cameras on their dashboards (仪表盘) that film the road ahead. Police forces in America are starting to issue officers with video cameras, pinned to their uniforms, which record their interactions with the public. Collar-c
6、ams help anxious cat-lovers keep tabs on their wandering pets. Paparazzi (狗仔队) have started to use drones to photograph celebrities in their gardens or on yachts. Hobbyists are even devising clever ways to get cameras into space. E. Ubiquitous recording can already do a lot of good. Some patients wi
7、th brain injuries have been given cameras: looking back at images can help them recover their memories. Dash-cams can help resolve insurance claims and encourage people to drive better. Police-cams can discourage criminals from making groundless complaints against police officers and officers from a
8、busing detainees. A British soldier has just been convicted of murdering a wounded Afghan because the act was captured by a colleague“s helmet-camera. Videos showing the line of sight of experienced surgeons and engineers can help train their successors and be used in liability disputes. Lenses link
9、ed to computers are reading street-signs and product labels to partially sighted people. F. Optimists see broader benefits ahead. Plenty of people carry activity trackers, worn on the wrist or placed in a pocket, to monitor their exercise or sleep patterns; cameras could do the job more effectively,
10、 perhaps also spying on their wearers“ diets. “Personal black boxes“ might be able to transmit pictures if their owner falls victim to an accident or crime. Tiny cameras trained to recognize faces could become personal digital assistants, making conversations as searchable as documents and e-mails.
11、Already a small band of “ life-loggers “ (生活记录器) squirrel away years of footage into databases of “e-memories“. G. Not everybody will be thrilled by these prospects. A perfect digital memory would probably be a pain, preserving unhappy events as well as cherished ones. Suspicious spouses and employe
12、rs might feel entitled to review it. H. The bigger worry is for those in front of the cameras, not behind them. School bullies already use illegal snaps from mobile phones to embarrass their victims. The web throngs with secret photos of women, snapped in public places. Wearable cameras will make su
13、ch immoral photography easier. And the huge, looming issue is the growing sophistication of face-recognition technologies, which are starting to enable businesses and governments to extract information about individuals by searching the billions of images online. The combination of cameras everywher
14、ein bars, on streets, in offices, on people“s headswith the algorithms (算法) run by social networks and other service providers that process stored and published images is a powerful and alarming one. We may not be far from a world in which your movements could be tracked all the time, where a strang
15、er walking down the street can immediately identify exactly who you are. I. Well, we still strongly held beliefs that technological progress should generally be welcomed, not fearedruns up against an even deeper impulse, in favor of liberty. Freedom has to include some right to privacy: if every mov
16、e you make is being recorded, liberty is limited. J. One option is to ban devices that seem annoying. The use of dashboard cameras is forbidden in Austria. Drivers who film the road can face a 10,000 ($13,400) fine. But banning devices deprives people of their benefits. Society would do better to de
17、velop rules about where and how these technologies can be used, just as it learned to cope with the Kodak fiends. K. For the moment, companies are behaving in a cautious way. Google has banned the use of face-recognition in apps on Glass and its camera is designed to film only in short bursts. Japan
18、ese digital camera-makers ensure their products emit a shutter sound every time a picture is taken. Existing laws to control stalking or harassment can be extended to deal with peeping drones. L. Still, as cameras become smaller, more powerful and ubiquitous, new laws may be needed to preserve liber
19、ty. Governments should be granted the right to use face-recognition technology only where there is a clear public good (identifying a bank robber for instance). When the would-be identifiers are companies or strangers in the street, the starting-point should be that you have the right not to have yo
20、ur identity automatically revealed. The principle is the same as for personal data. Just as Facebook and Google should be forced to establish high default settings for privacy (which can be reduced at the user“s request), the new cameras and recognition technologies should be regulated so as to let
21、you decide whether you remain anonymous or not. M. Silicon Valley emphasizes the liberating power of technologyand it is often right. But the freedom that a gadget gives one person can sometimes take away liberty from another. Liberal politicians have been lazy about defending the idea of personal s
22、pace, especially online. The fight should start now. Otherwise, in the blink of an eye, privacy could be gone.（分数：20.00）(1).Not everyone feels happy about the prospects of cameras.（分数：2.00）(2).Individuals began to use cameras because cameras became smaller and the cost of storing data declined sharp
23、ly.（分数：2.00）(3).American police officers pinned video cameras to their uniforms so as to record their interactions with the public.（分数：2.00）(4).Society should try harder to regulate technologies about where and how they can be used.（分数：2.00）(5).Recording people“s every move will do harm to liberty.（
24、分数：2.00）(6).A newspaper in 1890 claimed that amateur photographer was more terrible than sharks at the seaside.（分数：2.00）(7).Privacy would be gone very quickly if no measures were taken to protect it right now.（分数：2.00）(8).Optimists believe that cameras can bring much more benefits in the future.（分数：
25、2.00）(9).Increasingly sophisticated face-recognition technologies are making businesses and governments able to extract personal information.（分数：2.00）(10).Pictures taken by cameras can help some patients with brain injuries regain their memories.（分数：2.00）The Future of Work Is Rich in TechnologyA. We
26、 check e-mail as soon as we reach home, and take a look at our inboxes along the way. We respond to calls, texts, and messages even while on vacation. At work, we use Cisco Telepresence (远程呈现) or Skype to discuss with colleagues all over the world. Companies often allow employees to work from home f
27、or one or two days a week; some let them live in remote locations. This has all become the norm. A decade ago, we could not have imagined being always on, always connected, with work following us wherever we go. B. This is just the beginning. The nature of work itself is changing for knowledge worke
28、rs. During this decade, location will cease to be a barrier; many types of work will be done as micro-tasks; and we will be collaborating in new ways. What will be most problematic is that our employers will make even greater demands on us and further intrude (侵入) into our lives. This is the future
29、we are headed into, whether we like it or not. C. For our grandparents, “work“ was almost always in a factory or on a farm. Today, the farm and factory jobs are performed by a decreasing minority. There are still many jobs in the services sector that require physical work. But increasingly our workf
30、orce is performing tasks that are done with the mindthat require knowledge and skill. These knowledge jobs can be assisted by technology. D. Note how accounting firms routinely outsource (把外凶) boring work, as do lawyers, and as do doctors, for tasks such as medical transcription. Not long ago, small
31、 and mid-sized projects were outsourced through Web sitesnot just to India but also to remote workers in the United States and Europe. A micro-task economy is now flourishing on some sites, in which smaller tasks are farmed out. Big and small tasks such as data handling, Web site development, design
32、, and transcription are commonly done by workers in diverse locations. Crowdsourcing (众包) is making it possible for work to be done simultaneously by many peopleno matter where they are. E. Businesses are beginning to do this as well. Rather than locking workers in departmental silos (筒仓), companies
33、 on the cutting edge are encouraging employees to start communicating with each other on internal social-media sites. What used to be the quarterly e-mail from the CEO has become a kind of information-sharing within companiesat all levels. Companies will start designing and developing new products a
34、nd services by engaging their entire employee base. F. Telepresence robots are taking video conferencing to a new level. There are several products on the market, such as Beam by Suitable Technologies and Fellow Robots, that allow a screen mounted on a mobile platform to move around the office and e
35、xperience what is happening in a more human way. Imagine walking into your boss“s office while you are at home, stepping into a conference room to join a meeting, or chit-chatting with your peers around the water fountain. Next generation video-conferencing technologies such as Mezzanine by Oblong I
36、ndustries are using multiple screens and spatial user interfaces to allow people in different locations to collaborate and share electronic information in a science fiction-like setting. Mezzanine is being developed by John Underkoffler, chief computer visionary behind the film Minority Report . G.
37、We can expect Google Glass-type devices to bring the computer display to our bodyso that we view the screen on our glasses and don“t need to sit at a desk any more. I expect future versions to provide 3D experiences that simulate the holodecks (全景操作平台) we saw in Star Trek. And who knows, we may well
38、 have holodecks that make it feel as though we are togetherbut that is getting too far into the future. During this decade, we“ll have to settle for 2D interfaces and 3D simulations. H. This is all excitingand terrifying enough. But what worries me is the intrusion that companies will increasingly m
39、ake into our lives and the exhaustion we will suffer from always being at the call of our employers. I know from personal experience how hard it is to turn off e-mail and disconnect from social media. This will only get worse for all of us as we become more connected. I. And then there will be deman
40、ds by our employers for us to better manage our lifestylesso that they can reduce their health bills and get more out of us. Just as companies reward workers who join health clubs and stop smoking, we will see them making greater demands. They will be able to measure what we do because we will incre
41、asingly be wearing biometric (生物计量的)-monitoring devices such as the Nike FuelBand and Fitbit Flex and our smartphones will be adding new sensors. The new generation of sensor-based devices will continually gather data about our movement, heart rate, weight, sleep, and other health-related matters an
42、d upload these to the cloud. Before giving you more sick leave, employers will probably demand that you improve your lifestyle and habits. J. All of this may seem like science fiction, but it isn“t. The future is happening faster than we think and changing important parts of our existence.（分数：20.00）
43、(1).Today, only a decreasing minority of people work in factories and on farms.（分数：2.00）(2).The boundary between work and life becomes obscure and knowledge workers“ lives are further invaded by their work.（分数：2.00）(3).Employees of companies on the cutting edge are encouraged to connect with each ot
44、her through internal social-media sites.（分数：2.00）(4).With the help of the new generation of sensor-based devices, our health-related data will be gathered and uploaded to the cloud.（分数：2.00）(5).To work at home for one or two days a week has already become something common.（分数：2.00）(6).Telepresence r
45、obots are making video conferences more like real conferences.（分数：2.00）(7).Google Glass-type devices are expected to enable us to view the computer screen without sitting at a desk.（分数：2.00）(8).It“s quite popular that companies farm out their small projects through Web sites.（分数：2.00）(9).It will be
46、harder for us to turn off e-mail and get away from social media as we become more connected online.（分数：2.00）(10).Because of crowdsourcing, it is possible for work to be done by many people of various places at the same time.（分数：2.00）The Dark Side of Emotional IntelligenceA. Some of the greatest mome
47、nts in human history were fueled by emotional intelligence. When Martin Luther King, Jr. presented his dream, he chose language that would stir the hearts of his audience. Dr. King demonstrated remarkable skill in managing his own emotions and in sparking emotions that moved his audience to action.
48、Recognizing the power of emotions, another one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century spent years studying the emotional effects of his body language. Practicing his hand gestures and analyzing images of his movements allowed him to become “an absolutely attractive public speaker,“ says
49、 the historian Roger Moorhouse“it was something he worked very hard on.“ His name was Adolf Hitler. B. Since the 1995 publication of Daniel Goleman“s bestseller, emotional intelligence has been advocated by leaders, policymakers, and educators as the solution to a wide range of social problems. If we can teach our children to manage emotions, the argument goes, we“ll have less bullying and more cooperation. If we can cultivate emotional intelligence among leaders and doctors, we“ll have more caring workplaces and more sympathetic healthcare. As a result, emotional intelligence i
