1、大学英语四级-264 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Sugar Is Now Enemy Number One in the Western DietAction on Sugar is keen to make the public aware of the dangers and for manufacturers to face regulation. A. In 2012, the United Nations World Health Assembly advocated a signi
2、ficant new health goal: to reduce avoidable deaths from non-communicable (非传染性的) diseases by 25% by 2025. Cardiovascular (心血管的) disease, diabetes, cancer and respiratory (呼吸的) disease kill 35 million per year. The UN has identified tobacco, alcohol and poor diet as central risk factors. The first tw
3、o have been regulated by governments in order to protect public health, but poor diet is actually responsible for more disease than smoking, alcohol and physical inactivity combined. B. But what component of the western diet should be targeted? The evidence suggesting that added sugar should be the
4、target is now overwhelming. Unlike fat and protein, refined sugars offer no nutritional (营养的) value and, contrary to what the food industry want you to believe, the body does not require any carbohydrate (碳水化合物) from added sugar for energy. Thus it is a source of completely unnecessary calories. C.
5、Sugars are added to the majority of processed foods in the UK. Yet disturbingly, many consumers are unaware of its presence in such large quantities. In the UK and Europe guideline daily amounts for sugar have not been updated since 2003. These obsolete (过时的) guidelines still suggest one can consume
6、 a surprising 22 teaspoons of sugar daily. The World Health Organisation has recently been advised by scientific experts that added sugar should constitute no more than 5% of energy. That would give a limit to the average man of a maximum of eight teaspoons a day and the average woman six tea spoons
7、 a day. And that would include sugars from fruit juice and honey. D. The misleading labelling and health claims on “low fat“ foods that actually have shocking levels of added sugar is a scandal. Worse still, it has created the perfect storm for public health. Therefore, several days ago, a group of
8、UK and international experts, including myself, launched Action On Sugar. The main aim is to pressure the food industry to reduce added sugar in foods by 40% over four years. That would mean 100 fewer calories per person, which according to the UK Department of Health would reverse the obesity (肥胖)
9、epidemic. E. However, the industry remains in denial. Barbara Gallani, director of regulation at the Food and Drink Federation, made a statement of immediate resistance, denying sugar“s role in obesity and failing to acknowledge the multitude of scientific studies to the contrary. We mustn“t forget
10、that it took 50 years from when the first scientific studies between smoking and lung cancer were made before any effective legislation was introduced through regulation. Why? Because Big Tobacco very successfully adopted a corporate strategy of denial. By planting doubt, confusing the public, bribi
11、ng political allies and even buying the loyalty of some scientists. F. The comparisons with the sugar industry are quite chilling. Leader of the Commons Andrew Lansley“s aggressive intervention in parliament was thus interesting. He attempted to rubbish respected public health expert Professor Simon
12、 Capewell“s statement that sugar is the new tobacco. Lansley then compounded his errors by ignorantly asserting in the House that “sugar is essential to food“. It is not. He would have been more accurate in saying “sugar is essential to food industry profits and lining the pockets of its coopted par
13、tners“. Lansley was a paid director of marketing company Profero to the end of 2009. Profero“s clients have included Pepsi, Mars, Pizza Hut and Diageo“s Guinness. During his unhappy time as health secretary, Lansley promoted the Responsibility Deal. There, he invited fast-food companies in for cosy
14、discussions on how to tackle obesity, cynically generating the impression of progress, but only achieving weak and meaningless voluntary calorie reduction pledges. G. The food industry spends billions in junk food and sugary drink advertising, targeting the most vulnerable members of society, includ
15、ing children. Worse, the industry cynically associates fitness and sport with junk Food and sugary drinks. Thus Mars is one of the official sponsors of the England football team. Yet one regular sized bar contains eight teaspoons of sugar, almost triple the amount recommended as a limit for a four-
16、to eight-year-old child by the US Department of Health and Human Services“ dietary guidelines. The commonest cause of chronic pain in children is tooth decay with sugar as the number one risk factor. Regular physical activity has a multitude of health benefits; however, its effect on sustained weigh
17、t loss is often weak. Furthermore, activity levels have changed little in the past 30 years as obesity has rocketed. H. We are all vulnerable, because you don“t have to be overweight to be affected by diet-related disease. Of all the chronic diseases, type 2 diabetes, which is entirely preventable,
18、is perhaps the most damaging. Diabetes increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure and eye disease. Up to half of all diabetic patients go on to suffer acute or chronic pain, and two-thirds will ultimately develop dementia (痴呆). The direct and indirect costs to the UK of diabetes is o
19、ver 24 billion and projected to approach 40 billion by 2030. If we do nothing, this will cripple the National Health Service. I. How does sugar compare to tobacco? A teaspoon of sugar or one cigarette will not harm you. But over time, the habit can be fatal. Unlike Big Tobacco, Big Sugar deliberatel
20、y targets children, And added sugar has become so common within the food environment that we can“t avoid it even if we wanted to. It is thus not simply a matter of personal choice. But perhaps most disturbing of all the similarities is the financial and political muscle that both industries have exe
21、rted to try and protect their profits, at the expense of our health. It“s time to wind back the harms of too much sugar, reverse the “diabesity“ epidemic and the unspeakable suffering it causes. It“s time for Action On Sugar.（分数：25.00）(1).The habit of smoking can be fatal, and similarly taking too m
22、uch sugar for a long time can cause death.（分数：2.50）(2).Most of the processed foods in Britain are added sugars.（分数：2.50）(3).The Responsibility Deal did little to deal with the problem of obesity.（分数：2.50）(4).Tobacco, alcohol and poor diet have been recognized by the UN as main risk factors.（分数：2.50）
23、(5).People“s activity levels barely changed in the past 30 years while the number of obese people has increased a lot.（分数：2.50）(6).Action On Sugar aims to force the food industry to cut the use of sugar in foods by 40% in four years.（分数：2.50）(7).Among all the chronic diseases, the preventable type 2
24、 diabetes may affect people“s health the most.（分数：2.50）(8).Refined sugars can provide us with calories that we actually do not need.（分数：2.50）(9).Though physical activity is beneficial to health in various aspects, it is not so helpful when it comes to losing weight.（分数：2.50）(10).Barbara Gallani does
25、 not think that sugar is associated with obesity.（分数：2.50）Computer PasswordComputer passwords need to be memorable and secure. Most people“s are the first but not the second. Researchers are trying to make it easier for them to be both. A. Passwords are widely used in computer security. All too ofte
26、n, they are also ineffective. A good password has to be both easy to remember and hard to guess, but in practice people seem to choose the former over the latter. Names of wives, husbands and children are popular. Some take simplicity to extremes: one of my friends used “z“ for many years. And when
27、hackers stole 32m passwords from a social-gaming website called RockYou, it emerged that 1.1% of the site“s users365,000 peoplehad chosen either for “123456“ or for “12345“. B. That predictability lets security researchers create dictionaries which list common passwords, good news to those seeking t
28、o break in. But although researchers know that passwords are insecure, working out just how insecure has been difficult. Many studies have only small samples to work ona few thousand passwords at most. Hacked websites such as RockYou have provided longer lists, but there are ethical (伦理的) problems w
29、ith using hacked information, and its availability is unpredictable. C. However, a paper to be presented at a security conference held with the support of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, a New York-based professional body, in May 2012, sheds some light. With the cooperation of
30、 Yahoo!, a large Internet company, Joseph Bonneau of Cambridge University obtained the biggest sample to date70m passwords that, though anonymised (隐去姓名), came with useful demographic data about their owners. Mr. Bonneau found some interesting variations. Older users had better passwords than young
31、ones. People whose preferred language was Korean or German chose the most secure passwords; those who spoke Indonesian the least. Passwords designed to hide sensitive information such as credit-card numbers were only slightly more secure than those protecting less important things, like access to ga
32、mes. “Nag screens“ that told users they had chosen a weak password made virtually no difference. And users whose accounts had been hacked in the past did not make dramatically more secure choices than those who had never been hacked. D. But it is the broader analysis of the sample that is of most in
33、terest to security researchers. For, despite their differences, the 70m users were still predictable enough that a generic password dictionary was effective against both the entire sample and any demographically organised slice of it. Mr. Bonneau is blunt: “An attacker who can manage ten guesses per
34、 account.will compromise around 1% of accounts.“ And that, from the hacker“s point of view, is a worthwhile outcome. E. One obvious answer would be for sites to limit the number of guesses that can be made before access is blocked, as cash machines do. Yet whereas the biggest sites, such as Google a
35、nd Microsoft, do take such measures, many do not. A sample of 150 big websites examined in 2010 by Mr. Bonneau and his colleague （分数：25.00）(1).Mr. Bonneau found that the passwords used by older users were more secure than the ones used by young users.（分数：2.50）(2).Amazon once tried to allow its Ameri
36、can users to use passphrases but it didn“t work out well.（分数：2.50）(3).A password which is easy for the user to remember and hard for other people to guess can be called a good password.（分数：2.50）(4).Many newly-established sites do not want to spend much time on password security.（分数：2.50）(5).A mnemon
37、ic password seems like nonsense but it is not too hard to remember.（分数：2.50）(6).It has been quite hard for researchers to figure out how insecure the passwords are.（分数：2.50）(7).Structures common in ordinary English and the phrases chosen by Amazon“s users have a lot in common.（分数：2.50）(8).Sites can
38、make the accounts more secure by limiting the number of guesses before access is blocked.（分数：2.50）(9).As long as people want things to be simple while being safe, hackers will always be able to find a way to break in.（分数：2.50）(10).Users who had been hacked before did not pay much more attention to a
39、ccount security than those who hadn“t.（分数：2.50）Want to Learn Quicker? Use Your BodyA. Ever dealt with a problem? Picked up a new skill? Grasped a difficult concept? The language of learning is full of references to parts of the body outside the brain. Researchers discover that learning is easier, qu
40、icker and more long-lasting if lessons involve the body as well as the mindwhether it“s gesturing with the arms or moving around a room. Can these insights enhance teaching and learning in the future? And should it inform the way technology is employed in the classroom? B. “In the past, people have
41、argued that as we learn we become more able to think abstractly,“ says Andrew Manches, a psychologist at the University of Edinburgh in the UK. Conventional thinking might suggest that teachers should help children get rid of physical objects and body gestures to prepare them for the adult world. Bu
42、t in truth, the physical world never really leaves our thinking. For example, when we process verbs such as lick, kick and pick, medical scanners show that the parts of our brain that control the muscles in our face, legs and hands, respectively, light up with activity. And even the most abstract of
43、 concepts may have grounding in the real world. C. Body and mindThis theory is called embodied cognition (体验认知), and it suggests that what goes on in our minds stems from our actions and interactions with the world around us. It means that encouraging children to think and learn in a purely abstract
44、 way might actually make lessons harder for them to understand and remember. Science is beginning to back up the idea that actions really might speak louder than words in the classroom. D. Spencer Kelly, a psychologist at Colgate University in Hamilton, New York, has found that people spend three ti
45、mes as much time gesturing when they think it is particularly important that they get a message across, suggesting that even at the subconscious level, we appreciate the communicative value of our body language. Studies show that young children learn more if their teacher uses gestures when explaini
46、ng a concept. E. Meanwhile, Susan Wagner Cook, a psychologist at the University of Iowa in Iowa City, has found that children pick up new concepts more effectively if they are taught to mirror and repeat the gestures their teacher uses, and that lessons involving words and gestures live longer in a
47、student“s memory than lessons using words alone. F. There“s a place for technologyparticularly with the rise of gesture- recognition devices like the Nintendo Wii (任天堂游戏机), Microsoft“s Kinect add-on (外设设备) for the Xbox and touchscreen tablet PCs. Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley
48、, turned two Wii-mote video game controllers into a device that helps children visualize equivalence ratios (等值比) for instance, understanding how if one plant grows twice as fast as another, the difference between their respective heights will become larger over time. This can be a tricky concept fo
49、r children to understand. When asked to use their hands to represent the different growth rates, some students will place one hand slightly higher than the other, but then raise both hands at the same speed. The Berkeley team“s device gives the children instant feedback, helping them work out when their hand gestures correctly match what would happen as the two plants grow. Afterwards, almost all students say that they actually understand why moving their hands at different speeds is the correct response. G. The Kinect sensor, meanwhile, is being used in studies to help children learn
