1、大学英语四级 165及答案解析(总分：746.56，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter. You should write at least 120 words, and bas a your composition on the outline given below in Chinese: 假设你是即将参加一英语考试的学生，需要几本相关参考书，请写封信给一书店销售部，你的信应包括： 1. 详细说明你想买的
2、那本书的特点； 2. 咨询付款方式； 3. 确定送货时间及方式。 （分数：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Bird Flu: Communicating the Risk The recommendations listed below are grounded in two convictions(信念): that motivating people to start taking bird flu seriously should be a top priority for government health department
3、s, and that risk communication principles provide the best guidance on how to do so. Start where your audience starts. Telling people who believe X that they ought to believe Y naturally provokes resistance. You cant ignore X and just say YY-Y-Y-Y. You cant simply tell people theyre wrong. Youve got
4、 to start where they are, with X, and empathically explain why X seems logical, why its widely believed, why you used to believe it too.and why, surprisingly, Y turns out to be closer to the truth. The biggest barrier to sounding the alarm about bird flu is that its flu usually seen as a ho-hum(漠不关心
5、的) disease. It would help if people stopped calling every minor respiratory infection “a touch of the flu“ but thats not going to happen. Empathy is the only answer. Instead of ignoring the fact that people think flu is minor, or berating people for thinking that flu is minor, acknowledge that even
6、some public health authorities use the term “flu“ in ways that minimize its seriousness. After making common cause with the public“we have all ignored influenza for too long“talk about how horrific the next flu pandemic(流行病) may be compared with the annual flu. Dont be afraid to frighten people. For
7、 most of the world right now, though, apathy(漠不关心) is the problemnot denial. We cant scare people enough about H5N1. WHO has been trying for over a year, with evermore-dramatic appeals to the media, the public, and Member States. Until a pandemic begins, theres little chance well scare people too mu
8、ch. Research evidence wont protect you from criticism, of course. Fear appeals often provoke angry pushback from people questioning your motives or your competence, accusing you of “crying wolf“ or provoking “warning fatigue“ or panicking the public. That happened after WHO Western Pacific Regional
9、Director Shigeru Omi said that, in a worst case, a bird flu pandemic could kill up to 100 million people (a well-justified estimate). Of course, there is a genuine downside to issuing warnings that turn out to be unnecessary. Although panic is unlikely and warning fatigue is temporary, there is some
10、 credibility loss, especially if the warnings were exaggerated or overconfident. But consider the alternative. Which is worse, being criticized for “unduly“ frightening people or being criticized for failing to warn people? Acknowledge uncertainty. When the first Thai bird flu outbreaks subsided(平息)
11、 in 2004, a senior public official said: “The first wave of bird flu outbreak has passed. but we dont know when the second wave will come, and we dont trust the situation. So the Public Health Ministry is being as careful as possible.“ This exemplifies two risk communication principles: acknowledge
12、uncertainty and dont overreassure. During Malaysias first outbreak, tests were pending regarding what strain of flu was killing the chickens. Senior veterinary official Hawaii Hussein said, “We know it is H5, but were hoping it wont be H5N1. “ This very brief comment not only acknowledges uncertaint
13、y; it also expresses wishes, another good crisis communication practice. Everyone shared Husseins hope, but feared the worst. Overconfident overreassurance (“the situation is under control, everything is going to be fine“) is terrible risk communication. Paradoxically, people usually find it alarmin
14、g. They sense its insincerity and become mistrustful even before they know the outcome. But overconfident warnings are also unwise. There is so much we dont know about H5N1. How many people will it infect? How quickly will it spread? How long will it last? How long will it take for an effective vacc
15、ine to be available? Which countries and which people in those countries will get the vaccine first? How well will health care systems cope? How well will national and international economies cope? And how well will civil society cope? Bird flu experts and risk communicators cannot answer these ques
16、tions. But we can and should raise them, acknowledging our uncertainty at every turn. Share dilemmas. Sharing dilemmas is a lot like acknowledging uncertainty. Not only are we unsure about what will happen; were also unsure about what to do. Everyone finds this hard to admit. But dilemma-sharing has
17、 huge advantages: - It humanizes the organization by letting the pain of difficult decisions show. - It gives people a chance to make suggestions and be part of the process. - It moderates the conflict between opposing recommendations. - It reduces the outrage if you turn out to be wrong. Dilemma-sh
18、aring does raise some anxiety at first, but it allies with the publics resourceful, mature side. This leads to better buy-in and better coping down the road. The most important bird flu dilemma at the moment is stockpiling(储备). If we stockpile H5 antigen(抗原) or an H5N1 vaccine (once it exists), that
19、 may save millions of lives if a pandemic materializes. But a vaccine is no magic solution. We probably cant make and distribute enough vaccine for most of the world. And what if there is no pandemic? Or what if the virus mutates(突变) or drifts a lot, and the vaccine proves minimally useful? Is this
20、really a good use of scarce health dollars, especially in developing countries? Maybe we should stockpile antiviral drugs. But theyre expensive, and who knows how well they will work against the actual pandemic strain that arises? The worst response to the stockpiling dilemma is also the most tempti
21、ng: Stockpile only a little vaccine and some antivirals and imply that you have enough. Some officials are already engaging in this kind of overreassurance. The risk communication answer: Share the dilemma and let the public help you decide. Give people things to do. One reason sometimes given for n
22、ot alarming the public is that theres nothing for people to do anyway. A Jan. 13, 2005 Wall Street Journal article quoted Canadian infectious disease expert Richard Schabas as saying: “Scaring people about avian influenza accomplishes nothing, because were not asking people to do anything about it.“
23、 But the error isnt scaring people. The error is failing to realize and say how much they can do to prepare. Helping resolve government policy dilemmas is just the beginning. Thailand, for example, has trained almost a million volunteers to reach out to every village in the country to inform people
24、about the risks and signs of bird flu and how to try to protect themselves and their flocks. Many companies, hospitals, schools, and local governments around the world are starting to plan for “business continuity“ in the event of a pandemic. Even cognitive and emotional rehearsal learning about H5N
25、1 and thinking about what a pandemic might be like and how youd cope is a kind of preparedness and a kind of involvement. The WHO outbreak guidelines say: “If possible, representatives of the public should be brought into the decision-making process. Risk communication messages should include inform
26、ation about what the public can do to make themselves safer.“ （分数：71.00）(1).This passage mainly gives government health departments some advice on how they should communicate the risk of bird flu.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).The biggest barrier to sounding the alarm about bird flu is that people usually t
27、ake flu seriously.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).WHO Western Pacific Regional Director Shigeru Omi said that a bird flu pandemic had killed a lot of Asian people.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).During Malaysias first outbreak, tests were pending regarding what strain of flu was killing the chickens.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.
28、NG(5).Overconfident overreassurance is wonderful risk communication.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).Dilemma-sharing cant give people a chance to make suggestions and be part of the process.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).Dilemma-sharing does raise some anxiety at first, but it allies with the publics resourceful, mat
29、ure side.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).The error of what Richard Schabas said is failing to realize and say how much they can do 1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(9).Helping resolve government policy dilemmas is 1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(10).Risk communication messages should include information about what the public can do to
30、1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.9:30.B.11:30.C.10:00.D.10:30.A.Betty hasnt heard about Bills new job.B.Betty wont be pleased by the news.C.He doesnt think Bill got the job.D.Betty has also got a promotion.A.Every day.B.Frequently.C.Occasionally.D.Very rarely.A.At the bank.B
31、.In the elevator.C.At the hospital.D.In the classroom.A.Sandy.B.Jack.C.Her husband.D.Her mother.A.He is her husband.B.He is a boss.C.He is a shop assistant.D.He is a doctor.A.Scotland.B.Spain.C.Swiss.D.Switzerland.A.Gloves.B.Slippers.C.Glasses.D.T-shirt.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.Mike and Mary are
32、 going to see the movie tonight.B.Mary is inviting Mike to see the movie “Star Wars“.C.The movie has been shown for about a month.D.The movie will be shown for the first time.A.A friend of his gave him the tickets as a present.B.A friend of his sold him these two tickets.C.He got the tickets free fr
33、om charge from “Pepsi“.D.He bought the tickets at a “black ticket market“.A.Its 50 dollars.B.Its 100 dollars.C.Its 200 dollars.D.The conversation didnt tell us.A.American literature.B.Elementary education.C.Art history.D.Veterinary medicine.A.They are professional storytellers.B.They are the parents
34、 of young children.C.The stories will help to improve their vocabulary.D.The stories are required for a course.A.It uses an extensive vocabulary.B.Its useful as a teaching tool.C.Its author is unknown.D.Children find it repetitive and boring.A.At the beginning of a semester.B.During midterm week.C.A
35、t the end of a semester.D.In the middle of summer vacation.A.To estimate the extreme weather.B.To develop the satellite technology.C.To improve agricultural output.D.To learn how to change information to maps more efficiently.A.By turning the intensity of sunshine into maps.B.By analyzing the recent
36、 weather report.C.By capturing the microwave radiation from the soil.D.By analyzing information provided by ground observation centers.A.Acquire information from satellites more efficiently.B.To realize full coverage of area the satellite passes over.C.Building more ground observation centers.D.Comp
37、are satellites information with those from ground.A.Because Tolly was very brave.B.Because Tolly was often absent.C.Because he was afraid of the expedition.D.Because his parent did not want him to come.A.They had plenty of time to get to the forest.B.They kept their boat in the centre of the river.C
38、.The river carried their boat along quite quickly.D.They had pushed off the bank.A.They found Charles looking very worried.B.They set about gathering wood for a fire.C.They got large handful of sticks.D.They found a fire.A.They would go back to get some.B.They would go to buy some from the nearest s
39、hop.C.They would wait for Tolly.D.They would wait for someone else passing by.A.They want to change the way English is taught.B.They learn English to find well-paid jobs.C.They want to have an up-to-date knowledge of English.D.They know clearly what they want to learn.A.Professionals.B.College stude
40、nts.C.Beginners.D.Intermediate earners.A.Courses for doctors.B.Courses for businessmen.C.Courses for reporters.D.Courses for lawyers.A.Three groups of learners.B.The importance of business English.C.English for specific purposes.D.Features of English for different purposes.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：10.00
41、)A northern cold spell gripped much of northern and eastern China yesterday, as local authorities issued terrible weather warnings and launched (36) 1plans to ensure safe transportation in the snow. The cold front, which brought snow showers mainly to Henan, Anhui, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, (37)
42、2Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and Liaoning provinces, putting pressure on the post-Spring-Festival travel (38) 3The bad weather has caused (39) 4on roads, trains and airports. Several highways surrounding Beijing were closed yesterday. Delays and (40) 5 of flights at several airports meant many (41) 6wer
43、e unable to return to work after the week-long holiday. “At least four flights of the China Eastern Airlines were (42) 7because of the snow,“ said a (43) 8with the airport in Lanzhou, capital of Northwest Chinas Gansu Province. In Shenyang, capital of Northeast Chinas Liaoning Province, (44) 9. No m
44、ajor incidents of stranded passengers at railway stations were reported. (45) 10. Rail conditions in Zhengzhou, capital of Central Chinas Henan Province, have returned to normal after the station launched an plan on Sunday in response to the heavy snow, and evacuated tens of thousands of passengers.
45、 (46) 11. The seas in the east and south may also be hit with high winds. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)In technologically advanced societies, the enormous consumption of energy per head is one aspect of
46、the ever-increasing pressure man is placing on his environment. Early industrial man used three times as much energy as his agricultural ancestor; modern man is using three times as much as his industrial ancestor. If present trends continue, the rate of consumption will have tripled (3倍) again by t
47、he end of the century. The problem lies in the fact that most of our current energy sources are finite. The hard truth is that a day will come when there is little or no exploitable coal, oil or natural gas anywhere. The sharp rise in the price of oil over the last decade has been unpleasant for man
48、y parts of the world but in the long run it is beneficial, partly because it discourages waste and partly because it has forced many nations to seek ways of developing better and more permanent sources of energy. Energy sources may initially be divided into two kinds: nonrenewable (i.e. finite) and renewable. The former group includes coal, oil, and gas, in the long run, nuclear; the latter hydro-powers, solar power and wind power. The energy from all these sources ultimately der
