1、翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟题 2 及答案解析(总分：25.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、English Chinese Tran(总题数：5，分数：25.00)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 1 Under modern conditions, this required varying measures of c
2、entralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 2 Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country“s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the ef
3、forts of scientists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their o
4、wn research centers; they may alter the stucture of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may co-operate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any ca
5、se, all such interventions are heavily dependent of scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds. 3 Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments a
6、re often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 4 in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process
7、 of industrializationwith all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followedwas spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and
8、 consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 5 Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movementsthemselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these fact
9、ors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.（分数：5.00）_6 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that see
10、s history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also fre
11、quently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian“s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process. 7 Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline
12、and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social s
13、cience methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 8 During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodolozies designed to interpret the new forms of evidenc
14、e in the historical study. Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 9 There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical i
15、nquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method“. frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy“. Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the disciphne as a whole with certain part
16、s of its technical implementation. 10 It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.（分数：5.00）_US photo giant Eastman Kodak is seeking to exploit
17、 their snapping. 11 It announced in March that it would spend more than $ 1 billion in the next few years to capture a share of the Chinese market. “China is one of the fastest growing markets for photography, and its double-digit growth will assure that it moves from the number three rank to number
18、 one or two, exceeding Japan and perhaps the United States in the next century,“ said Kodak chief George Fisher in a statement. 12 According to Kodak, fewer than one in 10 Chinese households owns a camera, which typically uses about four rolls of film per year. “If only half the people in China shot
19、 a single 36-exposure roll of film a yeara fraction of usage rates in other countriesthat would swell the number of worldwide “clicks“ by 25 percent,“ Fisher said. 13 National figures on camera ownership do not reflect the keen interest in photography in urban areas. “We have two cameras in the hous
20、e, one for ourselves and one for our 14-year-old son who takes it with him on school trips,“ said Beijing resident Chen Yanan, who was recently laid off from her state-sector job. Chen“s son is not alone: “All his friends have a camera. They only cost 150 yuan.“ She added. 14 When the price of a 36-
21、exposure roll of color film (20 yuan) and development costs (16 yuan) are taken into account, the pleasure of photography are affordable to most city inhabitants. And while the cheap costs mean the quality of film and prints is usually poor, the Chinese have nevertheless come a long way in their sna
22、pping. 15 In the 1970s, black and white photos hardly bigger than postage stamps were still common. Today more than 70 percent of photos are taken in color and the prints are much larger, according to a Beijing retailer.（分数：5.00）_Genius is something that is difficult to measure quantitatively since
23、it is a unique quality, although most of us can recognize genius when we see it or hear it. 16 By contrast intelligence is possibly easier to quantify and like genius is a polygenic character that can be mouldedby the environment. Intelligence is a qualitative trait, which does have a genetic compon
24、ent, but we should not assume that it has a single dimension of expression. 17 There are several limitations in measuring intelligence by a linear scale ranging from dull to bright, since individuals differ greatly in their genotypes. Any number of gene combination may predispose an individual to mu
25、sical genius, or to painting, or to designing computer programs, etc. The possession of any one of these abilities may or may not be associated with another. Moreover, the same genotype may be expressed in markedly different ways in markedly different environments. 18 For example, intelligence quoti
26、ent test scores vary considerably with illness and disease, educational, social and economic levelseven the skin color of the examiner conducting the IQ test may have a significant effect! There is also difficulty in deciding what intelligence should be applied to. Is it the ability to learn? Is it
27、related to the enquiring mind or to motivation? Consequently comparisons between an IQ test given to a University student and to an Aborigine in Australia will give meaningless results, since the test is most unlikely to measure the same behavior. 19 Not only are the genotypes and the environments o
28、f these two individuals totally different, but their motivations for achievement in particular activities will be different. Indeed, as some articles which deal with the problems mentioned above show, people who believe they can estimate genetic and environmental contributions to differences in inte
29、lligence between races are statistically naive. 20 If some races or social groups in the human population can be shown to be inferior in intelligence, it opens up the possibility that some segregationists or politicians could bring in legislation or policies to suppress or even eliminate such races
30、or groups in the population. History certainly shows that this suggestion is quite likely when ruthless individuals are in positions of power. Can you see why the false scientific conclusions could become dangerous socially and politically?（分数：5.00）_Large, multinational corporations may be the compa
31、nies whose ups and downs seize headlines. 21 But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy“s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ 60 perce
32、nt of the workforce and are expected to generate haft of all new jobs between now and the year 2,000. Some 1.2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past 6 years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own. Too many of these pion
33、eers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. 22 Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit t
34、he corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor(欣赏) the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least for a while, be bookkeepers and receptionists, too. According to Small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out
35、 today are likely to disappear in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests s
36、lightly better odds: three years after start-up, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. 23 Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs. Thinking t
37、hrough an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm“s health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age. You must tenderly monitor its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small business owners often ignore early warning signs of a
38、stagnant market or of decaying profitability. 24 They hopefully pour more and more money into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that means the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish off
39、ices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save. Frequent checks of your firm“s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. 25 To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is
40、 time to conquer the new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot ideas.（分数：5.00）_翻译三级笔译实务分类模拟题 2 答案解析(总分：25.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、English Chinese Tran(总题数：5，分数：25.00)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength
41、 and wealth of the community. 1 Under modern conditions, this required varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 2 Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country“s economy is directly bound up
42、with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the stucture of educa
