1、公共英语(五级)13 及答案解析(总分：7.00，做题时间：120 分钟)一、Section II Use of E(总题数：1，分数：1.00)Most parents these days have to rely on their force of personality and whatever love and respect they can inspire to 【B1】 any influence over their children at all, 【B2】 there is still an awful lot of parental authority that big
2、 money can buy. Multi-millionaires have 【B3】 of everything than ordinary mortals, including more parent power, and their sons and daughters have about as 【B4】 opportunity to develop according to their own inclinations 【B5】 they would have had in the age of absolute monarchy. The rich still have fami
3、lies. The great divide between the generations, which is so much taken for 【B6】 that no one remarks on it any longer, is the plight of the lower and middle classes, 【B7】 children begin to drift away as soon as they are 【B8】 enough to go to school. The parents cannot control the 【B9】 and have even le
4、ss say 【B10】 to what company and ideas the child will be exposed to; 【B11】 can they isolate him 【B12】 the public mood, the spirit of the age. It is an often-heard complaint of the middle-class 【B13】 , for instance, that she must let her children watch television for hours on 【B14】 every day if she i
5、s to steal any 【B15】 for herself. The rich have no such 【B16】 ; they can keep their offspring 【B17】 from morning to night without being near them for a minute more than they choose to be, and can exercise almost 【B18】 control over their environment. As for schooling, they can hand-pick tutors with s
6、ound views to come to the children, who may 【B19】 leave the grounds 【B20】 for an exceptionally secure boarding school or a well-chaperoned trip abroad. （分数：1.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:
7、_二、Section III Reading(总题数：3，分数：3.00)Managers spend a great deal of their time in meetings. According to Henry Mintzberg, in his book, The Nature of Managerial Work, managers in large organizations spend only 22% of their time on meetings. So what are the managers doing in those meetings? There have
8、 conventionally been two answers. The first is the academic version: Managers are coordinating and controlling, making decisions, solving problems and planning. This interpretation has been largely discredited because it ignores the social and political forces at work in meetings. The second version
9、 claims that meetings provide little more than strategic sites for corporate gladiators to perform before the organizational emperors. This perspective is far more attractive, and has given rise to a large, and often humorous, body of literature on gamesmanship and posturing in meetings. It is, of c
10、ourse, true that meeting rooms serve as shop windows for managerial talent, but this is far from the truth as a whole. The suggestion that meetings are actually battle grounds is misleading since the raison detre of meetings has far more to do with comfort than conflict. Meetings are actually vital
11、props, both for the participants and the organization as a whole. For the organization, meetings represent recording devices. The minutes of meetings catalogue the change of the organization, at all levels, in a more systematic way than do the assorted memos and directives which are scattered about
12、the company. They enshrine the minutes of corporate history, they itemize proposed actions and outcomes in a way which makes one look like the natural culmination of the other. The whole tenor of the minutes is one of total premeditation and implied continuity. They are a sanitized version of realit
13、y which suggests a reassuring level of control over events. What is more, the minutes record the debating of certain issues in an official and democratic forum, so that those not involved in the process can be assured that the decision was not taken lightly. As Dong Bennett, an administrative and fi
14、nancial manager with Allied Breweries, explains: “Time and effort are seen to have been invested in scrutinizing a certain course of action. “ Key individuals are also seen to have put their names behind that particular course of action. The decision can therefore proceed with the full weight of the
15、 organization behind it, even if it actually went through “on the nod“. At the same time, the burden of responsibility is spread, so that no individual takes the blame. Thus, the public nature of formal meetings confers a degree of legitimacy on what happens in them. Having a view pass unchallenged
16、at a meeting can be taken to indicate consensus. However, meetings also serve as an alibi for action, as demonstrated by one manager who explained to his subordinates: “ I did what I could to prevent it I had our objections minutes in two meetings. “ The proof of conspicuous effort was there in blac
17、k and white. By merely attending meetings, managers buttress their status, while non-attendance can carry with it a certain stigma. Whether individual managers intend to make a contribution or not, it is satisfying to be considered one of those whose views matter. Ostracism, for senior managers, is
18、not being invited to meetings. As one cynic observed, meetings are comfortingly tangible: “ Who on the shop floor really believes that managers are working when they tour the works? But assemble them behind closed doors and call it a meeting and everyone will take it for granted that they are hard a
19、t work. “ Managers are being seen to earn their corn. Meetings provide managers with another form of comfort too that of formality. Meetings follow a fixed format: Exchanges are ritualized, the participants are probably known in advance, there is often a written agenda, and there is a chance to prep
20、are. Little wonder then, that they come as welcome relief from the upheaval and uncertainty of life outside the meeting room. Managers can draw further comfort from the realization that their peers are every bit as bemused and fallible as themselves. Meetings provide constant reminders that they sha
21、re the same problems, preoccupations and anxieties, that they are all in the same boat. And for those who may be slightly adrift, meetings are ideal occasions for gently pulling them round. As Steve Styles, the process control manager (life services) at Legal from the dawn of primates some 65 millio
22、n years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it. The new research has
23、 profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other fe
24、atures of civilization appeared is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earths climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future even without the influence of human a
25、ctivity. （分数：1.00）(1).Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged_.（分数：0.20）A.to give up his former way of lifeB.to leave the coastal areasC.to follow the ever-shifting vegetationD.to abandon his original settlement(2).Earth scientists have come to understand that climate_.（分
26、数：0.20）A.is going through a fundamental changeB.has been getting warmer for 10,000 yearsC.will eventually change from hot to coldD.has gone through periodical changes(3).Scientists believe that human evolution_.（分数：0.20）A.has seldom been accompanied by climatic changesB.has exerted little influence
27、on climatic changesC.has largely been effected by climatic changesD.has had a major impact on climatic changes(4).Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that_.（分数：0.20）A.human activities have accelerated charges of the Earths environmentB.the Earths environment will remain mild despite human in
28、terferenceC.the Earths climate is bound to change significantly in the futureD.the Earths climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future(5).The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that_.（分数：0.20）A.human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climat
29、ic changesB.mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climateC.man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming processD.human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of nature三、Part B Directions: I(总题数：1，分数：1.00)Too many people are hau
30、nted by five dismal words: “ But its too late now. “ An unfaithful husband would like to salvage his marriage. “But its too late now. “ An office worker, fired because of her drinking problem, wishes she could conquer her alcoholism and begin again. “ But its too late now. “ Few families are without
31、 some broken personal relationships. At first those involved may be unwilling to hold out an olive branch. Then, when some time has passed, they may feel its too late to offer an apology or try to make amends. 66. ( ) Not long ago I came upon an article about the distinguished musician Robert Shaw,
32、who was retiring as music director and conductor of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. Years earlier, when I was the new pastor of Marble Church in New York City, Shaw came to me and suggested we have a group of young people sing at our church services. He led such a chorale and was willing to make it
33、available. 67. ( ) Unfortunately, some of the members of the congregation, including two of the elders who were strong traditionalists, thought the singing was too much of a departure from the accepted way of doing things at Marble Church. They made their displeasure known to me in unmistakable term
34、s. 68. ( ) Almost half a century passed. In all that time I never saw or spoke to Shaw. But then, as I read the article, my conscience reminded me I had made a mistake that still was unrectified. When I got home, I wrote a letter to Robert Shaw telling him that I had been wrong and was sorry. 69. (
35、) What a lift I got from that! What happy evidence it was that even after many years a word of apology is never too late. 70. ( ) Because it never is. A. This struck me as an idea that would appeal to the younger members of our congregation. So I told him to go ahead. The people who sang were spirit
36、ed and enthusiastic, and I thought they added a new and welcome dimension to our worship services. B. Why not search your mind and see if there is some past episode that calls for a word of reconciliation, some personal problem unsolved, some good deed left undone? Even if a long time has elapsed, d
37、ont assume its too late. C. I say to such people; “Nonsense! Its never too late to make a fresh start. “ D. Finally, against my better judgement, I told Shaw that I was sorry, but we would have to terminate the arrangement. He was disappointed, but said he understood. This incident would always both
38、er me. I had failed to have the courage of my convictions. E. As we had to make the church hall available for other purposes, one day I came to Shaw and made this clear. Without a word, he made his way to me and gave me his hand, leaving me puzzled as to whether this was a gesture of agreement or di
39、sappointment. F. Almost at once a reply came from this great man of music, thanking me for “ the generosity, grace and candidness“ of my letter and claiming that the fault had been as much his as mine. （分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.E.F.A.B.C.D.四、Part C Directions: A(总题数：1，分数：1.00)Gottfrie
40、d Wilhelm Leibniz Leibniz was a German philosopher who belonged to the Rationalist school of philosophers, to which also belonged Descartes and Spinoza. But Leibniz was not only a philosopher, he was also a considerable authority on law, a diplomat, a historian and an outstanding mathematician as is
41、 proved by his discovery in 1676, independently of Newton, of the Differential Calculus. Leibniz was the son of a Professor of Philosophy of Leipzig University, who died when his son was only 6, but who left behind a fine collection of books which the young Leibniz read eagerly. Leibniz studied law
42、at the University, and then, while in the service of the Elector of Mainz, he visited Paris and London and became acquainted with the learned men of his time. When he was 30 he became official librarian of the Brunswich family at Hanover, where he remained till he died. His philosophy is set out in
43、a short paper, The Mondadology, which he wrote two years before his death. Otherwise, except for one or two famous essays, his philosophical and scientific ideas have had to be assembled from his various papers and letters which, fortunately, have survived. They show Leibnizs brilliant intellect, es
44、pecially in his attempt to relate mathematics and logic so that problems of philosophy could be exactly calculated and no longer be under dispute. He held that everything from a table to mans soul, and even to God himself, is made up of “monads“ atoms, each of which is a simple, indivisible, imperis
45、hable unit, different from every other monad and constantly changing. George Berkeley Berkeley was born of an aristocratic Irish family and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he remained as fellow and tutor. All his best work was written very early, and by the age of 27 he had made a reputat
46、ion as a writer on philosophy. In 1712 Berkeley went to London and associated with the literary men of the day, among whom he was warmly welcomed. Berkeley travelled widely in Italy and France, and then spent a few years in the English colonies of North America and the West Indians, where he had hop
47、ed to found a missionary college. When his hope failed, he returned to Ireland, and in 1734 was appointed Bishop of Cloyne. He spent 18 years administrating his diocese, living a happy family life with his wife and children, and writing books on both philosophical and practical subject. In 1752 he r
48、etired to Oxford, where he died the next year at the age of 68. Berkeleys claim to fame rests on his philosophy. His views are in contrast, deliberately, to those of John Locke. As an idealist he believes that mind comes before matter, while a Materialist holds everything depends upon matter. Beyond his strictly philosophical works, Berkeley was interested in natural science and mathematics. He wrote an Essay towards a New Theory of Vision, in which he attempted to explain ho
