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1、托福-56 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Dialogue your running.is not going to be a runner.(4).Why does the woman state that women are less confrontational?（分数：2.50）A.She wants to show the man that women have a higher intellect, in general.B.She wants to show the man that women h

2、ave a different style when it comes to wielding power. C.She hopes the man will vote for her in the next election.D.The woman wants to prove that men are much better leaders than women.解析：解析 less confrontational 之后有进一步的说明：Women do not seem to exert power in the same way as men。B 选项是对这个含义的合理引申。3.Runn

3、ing for PresidentStudent A: I hear you are thinking of _ president of the university student“s union, Kate. Student B: Yes, I think it is important to ensure all students are treated equally _, orientation, appearance and nationality, _. This university to equality, but it just isn“t happening. _ th

4、ere is very little discrimination here on campus towards orientation, appearance and nationality, women are not treated equally. Yes, I know what the university mission statement says about equality for women, but women are not _, especially math, science and engineering. They also hold _, are not r

5、epresented well in administration and, do you know, not once has there been a female president of the student union. Student A: Well, I“m not _ women want to be in these positions. _ in science and engineering require long working hours, often 80 hours or more a week. I think most women want familie

6、s and are not prepared to work such a long day. I think men _ for the sciences, also. Women are better at humanities. Student B: There is no proof to that. Women are _ and have other forms of social pressure. That is simply _. _, many more women are postponing having families or choosing not to have

7、 children at all. Women are not _, Bill. Student A: Yes, I sometimes think the women at this university study harder than men. But even so, your running for president of the student union _ is not going to be a winner. Most students feel women have equality nowadays. Student B: Not the students I ha

8、ve talked to, particularly the women. There are not enough female _. While I agree there are variables in the brains of men and women, although I don“t _ in science. Women continue to have lip service only. My brother is a lawyer and he says the women in his firm have to work much harder than the me

9、n if they want to become _. Student A: So you are going to champion women“s rights for this election? Student B: Yes, my campaign will focus on that but I will not _ such as transportation, cafeterias and so on. I have been a student here for 4 years and am _. If I can make this campus a better plac

10、e for all students, then as a woman, I would be _. And, I am sure I can do a better job than Jerry did this year. Student A: What did Jerry accomplish this year? Student B: Next to nothing. He _ to be a little more _ Styrofoam cups but that is about it. Student A: So what would you do? Student B: I

11、would _ to put more female faculty in senior faculty and administrative positions. _ should be women. The college president has been giving _ for institutional failings when it comes to women, rather than admitting any responsibility for them. The entire College Board of Directors is _ when it comes

12、 to women“s issues. At this point in history, I would have thought we could _, but that is not the case. Student A: Hmm. Student B: Furthermore, while there has not been much research on it, I believe that women, in general, have _. They are also _ and more likely to compromise and negotiate. Women

13、are not afraid of compromise. Women _ power in the same way as men. If there were more women _, this world would probably be a more peaceful place. In order to get more women in senior government positions, more female role models are needed. Women need to be accepted _, to stop having their latest

14、choice of fashion _, to not be spoken of as bitchy, and to not be described as having _ when a man with the same behavior would be complimented for his determination. These are just some of my theories. I plan to _ and research some of them more thoroughly. （分数：5.00）_正确答案：()解析：running for | regardle

18、you are thinking of running for president of the university student“s union, Kate Student B: Yes, I think it is important to ensure all students are treated equally regardless of their gender, age, orientation, appearance and nationality, to name just a few. This university pays lip service to equal

19、ity, but it just isn“t happening. While I admit there is very little discrimination here on campus towards orientation appearance and nationality, women are not treated equally. Yes, I know what the university mission statement says about equality for women, but women are not represented in many fac

20、ulties, especially math, science and engineering. They also hold fewer senior faculty positions, are not represented well in administration and, do you know, not once has there been a female president of the student union. Student A: Well, I“m not convinced that women want to be in these positions.

21、Careers in science and engineering require long working hours, often 80 hours or more a week. I think most women want families and are not prepared to work such a long day. I think men have better aptitudes for the sciences, also. Women are better at humanities. Student B: There is no proof to that.

22、 Women are discriminated against and have other forms of social pressure. That is simply a false theory. As for the long hours, many more women are postponing having fatuities or choosing not to have children at all. Women are not afraid of hard work, Bill. Student A: Yes, I sometimes think the wome

23、n at this university study harder than men. But even so, your running for president of the student union on the issue of equality is not going to be a winner. Most students feel women have equality nowadays. Student B: Not the students I have talked to, particularly the women. There are not enough f

24、emale role models. While I agree there are variables in the brains of men and women, although I don“t buy the argument of male superiority in science. Women continue to have tip service only. My brother is a lawyer and he says the women in his firm have to work much harder than the men if they want

25、to become a partner in the firm. Student A: So you are going to champion women“s rights for this election? Student B: Yes, my campaign will focus on that but I will not ignore other issues such as transportation, cafeterias and so on. I have been a student here for 4 years and am aware of all the is

26、sues. If I can make this campus a better place for all students, then as a woman, I would be an excellent role model. And, I am sure I can do a better job than Jerry did this year. Student A: What did Jerry accomplish this year? Student B: Next to nothing. He put pressure on the cafeterias to be a l

27、ittle more environmentally friendly when it came to Styrofoam cups but that is about it. Student A: So what would you do? Student B: I would put pressure on the administration to put more female faculty in senior faculty and administrative positions. Far more deans should be women. The college presi

28、dent has been giving half-baked excuses for institutional failings when it comes to women, rather than admitting any responsibility for them. The entire College Board of Directors is full of hypocrites when it comes to women“s issues. At this point in history, I would have thought we could put women

29、“s issues to rest, but that is not the case. Student A: Hmm Student B: Furthermore, while there has not been much research on it, I believe that women, in general, have more balance in their lives. They are also less confrontational and more likely to compromise and negotiate. Women are not afraid o

30、f compromise. Women do not seem to exert power ha the same way as men. If there were more women as heads of state, this world would probably be a more peaceful place. In order to get more women in senior government positions, more female role models are needed. Women need to be accepted at the senio

31、r level, to stop having their latest choice of fashion analyzed by the media, to not be spoken of as bitchy, and to not be described as having strident and aggressive behavior when a man with the same behavior would be complimented for his determination. These are just some of my theories. I plan to

32、 do a doctorate and research some of them more thoroughly.五、Lecture & Dictation (总题数：2，分数：15.00)Listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer. Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. （分数：10.0

33、0）(1).Why does the student say this?（分数：2.50）A.because the previous answers are totally wrongB.because the previous answers cannot be happening in the 21st centuryC.because the previous answers are old-fashioned methods D.because the previous answers do reflect the new technology解析：听力原文 Psychology:

34、Emotional MemoryProfessor: Okay class. Just to liven things up a bit, we“re going to talk about something everyone hasa memory. Who here can give me some tips on how we remember things? Student A: I remember things by tying a string around my finger. That way when I look at my finger with the string

35、 on it, I try to think back to why it“s there. Student B: I tend to write things down on sticky notes and leave them on my desk where I regularly sit. Student C: Come on guys, get into the 21st century! I enter notes on my Palm Pilot or mobile phone. Professor: Well, all of these suggestions are goo

36、d, but what if I told you that emotion can help you remember? Today we“re going to focus on a specific kind of memory and that is emotional memory. Some researchers feel that emotion can help us remember. In order for researchers to test their theory that positive and negative emotions can trigger m

37、emories, they began by exploring the areas in the brain involved in remembering an emotional memory. The study took over a year and they found some evidence of a memory loop or circle. The information starts at the brain“s emotional center, where it sets off the memory center, which in turn, boosts

38、the activity in the emotional center, which results in an increase in memory. Student A: So how can someone who has suffered through emotional trauma recover? Professor: Researchers have concluded that people need to relive these memories and reshape their perspective of the trauma to make it less u

39、psetting. Student B: So, in other words, the person needs to keep remembering their horrible memories and change them into memories they can deal with. Professor: Exactly. A cutting-edge research paper published in early 2005 studied the recall of emotional memories over a long period of time. Other

40、 research and papers mainly dealt with short time intervals such as a few minutes of encoding the information and then remembering or retrieving it. These short intervals did not allow for two critical main factors: consolidation, or establishing memories, and true recollection. Student C: So how di

41、d the researchers test their theories? Professor: The recent study exposed volunteers to images that were pleasant, unpleasant and neutral. At the same time, their brains were being scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging or MRI. Student A: Is this a common technique and is it dangerous?

42、Professor: Fear not, this technique is used all the time and the magnetic fields and radio waves used to show blood flow in regions of the brain, especially increased blood flow to show higher brain activity, are not dangerous at all. Student B: What kind of images were the people shown? Professor:

43、They were shown pleasant images such as romantic scenes and sports. The unpleasant images involved injured people and violence. Finally, the neutral pictures showed buildings or other emotionally non-involving scenes. Student C: How did the researchers know what the people thought of these images? P

44、rofessor: Well, they were asked to rate the emotional aspects of the images they saw. After one year, the same people were asked to come back and the researchers showed them the same images they had already seen, plus some new pleasant, unpleasant and neutral images while their brains were being sca

45、nned. The researchers asked the people to point out which images they had seen before and whether the memory also brought back associated details. Student A: I guess the details indicated how well the people remembered the pictures. Professor: Yes, if a picture made an impact on the people, they lik

46、ely remembered the image. The interesting point of the test was that people did not remember the neutral pictures as well as the pleasant and unpleasant pictures. Therefore, emotional pictures were retrieved, but not the non-emotional ones. Student C: Again, professor, I don“t understand how the res

47、earchers can make such conclusions. Professor: There is an almond shaped area in your brain called the amygdala. This area of the brain is responsible for computing emotional significance of events. After the people were shown the emotional images, the amygdala increased. The researchers could see t

48、his through the brain scans. Another area of the brain affected by emotional memories is the hippocampus, the main memory-processing center. Both of these areas activate the other when we recall an emotional memory and this is exactly what happened to the people when they were shown emotional pictur

49、es. In other words, emotion can trigger retrieval and vice versa just as the amygdala and hippocampus can trigger each other. Student A: So, emotion increases recollection and at the same time your recollection helps you remember the emotional response, which works like a circle. Student B: Professor, this study is fantastic

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