1、英语翻译高级口译-高级阅读(六)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSECTION 1 READI(总题数：4，分数：50.00)Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. You are to choose ONE best answer, A. B. C. or D. to each question.The momentum towards open publishing looks u
2、nstoppable but more still needs to be done to make science truly accessible, says Stephen Curry. If you would like to read the latest research from my lab, be my guest. Our report on a protein from a mouse version of the winter vomiting virus has just been published in the journal PLoS One and is av
3、ailable online for freeto anyone.Contrast that with my first paper, published in 1990, which you could only have read if you had access to a university library with an expensive subscription to the journal Biochemistry. Back in 1990before the world wide webthat was how scientific publishing was done
4、. Today it is being transformed by open access publishers like the Public Library of Science. Rather than being funded by journal subscriptions, these publishers charge authors or their institutions the cost of publication and make their papers available for free online.Many scientists are passionat
5、e supporters of open access and want to see the old model swept away. They have launched a protest movement dubbed the Academic Spring and organised a high-profile boycott of journals published by Elsevier. And the tide appears to be turning in their favour. This week the Finch Report, commissioned
6、by the U.K. government, recommended that research papersespecially those funded by the taxpayershould be made freely available to anyone who wants to read them.Advocates of open access claim it has major advantages over the subscription model that has been around since academic journals were invente
7、d in the 17th century. They argue that science operates more effectively when findings can be accessed freely and immediately by scientists around the world. Better yet, it allows new results to be data-mined using powerful web-crawling technology that might spot connections between datainsights tha
8、t no individual would be likely to make. But if open access is so clearly superior, why has it not swept all before it? The model has been around for a decade but about nine-tenths of the approximately 2 million research papers that appear every year are still published behind a paywall.Part of the
9、reason is scientists reluctance to abandon traditional journals and the established ranking among them. Not all journals are equalthey are graded by impact factor, which reflects the average number of times that the papers they publish are cited by others. Natures impact factor is 36, one of the hig
10、hest going, whereas Biochemistrys is around 3.2. Biochemistry is well regardedmany journals have lower factorsbut a paper in Nature is still a much greater prize. Unfortunately, it is prized for the wrong reasons. Impact factors apply to journals as a whole, not individual papers or their authors.De
11、spite this, scientists are still judged on publications in high-impact journals; funding and promotion often depend on it. Consequently few are willing to risk bucking the trend. This has allowed several publishers to resist calls to abandon the subscription model.Another reason for the slowness of
12、the revolution is concern about quality. Unlike many traditional journals, PLoS One does not assess the significance of research during peer review; it simply publishes all papers judged to be technically sound. However, this concern proved unfounded. PLoS One now publishes more papers than any othe
13、r life science journal and has an impact factor of 4.4.The world of scientific publishing is slowly changing and the hegemony of established journals is being challenged. Shaken by the competition, more of them are offering variants of open access. At the high end of the market, Nature is about to f
14、ace competition from eLife, an open access journal to be launched later this year.Adding to the momentum, U.K. government research councils are increasingly insisting that the research they pay for be published in open access journals. The European Union is poised to do the same for the science it f
15、unds. In the U.S., a bill now before Congress would require all large federal funders to make papers freely available no later than six months after publication.（分数：12.50）(1).What is the main idea of this passage? A. Many scientists are supporters of open publishing. B. Open publishing is not so sup
16、erior as it seems, because it omits peer review. C. More needs to be done to accelerate the process of open publishing. D. Scientists dependence upon traditional journals and concern about quality slowed the development of open publishing.（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following best paraphrases
17、the sentence “about nine-tenths of the approximately 2 million research papers that appear every year are still published behind a paywall“ (para. 4)? A. The overwhelming majority of research papers that appear every year are published with funds. B. About nine-tenths of the authors of research pape
18、rs published every year are paid by the publishers. C. About nine-tenths of the authors of research papers published every year are charged by the publishers. D. About nine-tenths of research papers published every year are not available to readers without payment.（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the f
19、ollowing statements about “impact factor“ is NOT true according to the article? A. Impact factor makes journals unequal in terms of academic significance. B. Impact factor reflects the average number of times that papers in a journal are cited. C. The higher the impact factor is, the greater impact
20、a journal has. D. Papers in high-impact journals are cited more than those in low-impact journals.（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(4).In writing the article, the author demonstrates a(n) _ attitude towards open publishing. A. supportive B. critical C. indifferent D. ironic（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be learned fro
21、m the passage that open publishing _. A. is changing the world of scientific publishing rapidly B. is challenging the traditional subscription model C. is unable to develop since the publishers do not get any subscription D. is-supported by most countries（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.Despots and tyrants may have
22、 changed the course of human evolution by using their power to force hundreds of women to bear their children, says new research. It shows that the switch from hunter-gathering to farming about 8,000 - 9,000 years ago was closely followed by the emergence of emperors and elites who took control of a
23、ll wealth, including access to young women. Such men set up systems to impregnate hundreds, or even thousands, of women while making sure other men were too poor or oppressed to have families. It means such men may now have hundreds of millions of descendants, a high proportion of whom may carry the
24、 genetic traits that drove their ancestors to seek power and oppress their fellow humans.“In evolutionary terms this period of human existence created an enormous selective pressure, with the guys at the top who had the least desirable traits passing on their genes to huge numbers of offspring,“ sai
25、d Laura Betzig, an evolutionary anthropologist. She has studied the emergence of the worlds first six great civilisations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, Mexico and Peru. In each she found that emperors created systems to “harvest“ hundreds of the prettiest young women and then systematically i
26、mpregnate them. Betzig has studied the records left by the six civilisations to work out how many children were born to emperors.“In China they had it down to a science. Yangdi, the 6th-century Sui dynasty emperor, was credited by an official historian with 100,000 women in his palace at Yangzhou al
27、one,“ she said. “They even had sex handbooks describing how to work out when a woman was fertile. Then they would be taken to the emperor to be impregnated. It was all organised by the state so the emperor could impregnate as many women as possible. And they had rules, like all the women had to be u
28、nder 30 and all had to be attractive and symmetrical. This was the system in China for more than 2,000 years.“Others relied on violence. One genetic study showed that Genghis Khan, the 13th-century Mongol warlord, who was renowned for sleeping with the most beautiful women in every territory he conq
29、uered, now has about 16m male descendants. This compares with the 800 people descended from the average man of that era.Betzig also studied primitive societies. She found that the small bands of hunter-gatherers were the most egalitarian, with men and women able to have the number of children they w
30、anted. “This freedom is probably because they were so mobile. If their group got taken over by a big guy who tried to control resources, the others could simply leave and find somewhere else,“ she said. This system broke down when the worlds first civilisations emerged about 8,000 years ago based on
31、 farming. All began on fertile river plains surrounded by mountains or deserts that made it difficult to leave. Such situations were perfect for the emergence of elites and emperors.In a paper published recently, Betzig has catalogued the same trend in each of the great early civilisations. Such sys
32、tems arose in Britain as well, especially in the feudal era. “Lords then had sexual access to hundreds of dependent serfs . with up to a fifth of the population in service,“ Betzig said.She is to publish a book, The Badge of Lost Innocence, exploring why that era has ended. “The European discovery o
33、f the Americas changed everything,“ she said. “Along with the emergence of democracy it offered millions of people the chance to emigrate or get rid of despotic regimes. The literature of that time shows people wanted to have families of their own and for the first time in thousands of years they ha
34、d that chance. “（分数：12.50）(1).By saying “Despots and tyrants may have changed the course of human evolution by using their power to force hundreds of women to bear their children“ (para. 1), the author is _. A. quite indifferent B. somewhat grateful C. highly appreciative D. somewhat critical（分数：2.5
35、0）A.B.C.D.(2).When Laura Betzig said “In evolutionary terms this period of human existence created an enormous selective pressure“ (para. 2), she was trying to express that _. A. only the undesirable traits of the emperors were passed on to their offspring B. the variety in the selection of human ge
36、nes was diminished by the systems set up by emperors C. only the man at the top of the power hierarchy had access to women D. the systems created by emperors left ordinary men with a limited range of women to select from（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(3).Betzig has studied the records left by the following civili
37、sations EXCEPT _ to work out how many children were born to emperors. A. Mesopotamia B. Britain C. China D. Egypt（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following CANNOT be true about the systems created by emperors according to the passage? A. Such systems existed in the worlds first six great civilisati
38、ons. B. The systems were set up to “harvest“ pretty women and to impregnate them. C. Such systems were formed as early as primitive societies. D. Such systems ensured the astonishingly huge number of descendants of the emperors.（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(5).We can know from the passage that the systems fell
39、_. A. when the worlds first civilisations emerged about 8,000 years ago B. because they didnt work well in the feudal era C. owing to the discovery of the Americas D. because of the eruption of the peoples accumulated anger（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.J.K. Rowlings first novel for adults, which treads on very d
40、ifferent ground to her bestselling Harry Potter series, is set to become a publishing sensation when it hits bookshelves next week. Waterstones, the countrys biggest book-chain store, revealed that the comic novel, The Casual Vacancy, has received the largest number of pre-order sales this year. Thi
41、s number is believed to be five figured, although online pre-orders have reportedly reached well over a million already. The RRP for the paperback is 20 but many outlets are reducing this considerably with Waterstones pricing it at 10.The secrecy, as well as the excitement, around Rowlings latest of
42、fering, has guaranteed its status as the biggest publishing event of the year. Waterstones is opening its doors an hour earlier than usual, at 8 a.m., on its official publication date next Thursday. Until then, Rowlings publisher Little, Brown has stipulated that the books should not even appear on
43、display. Staff will come in early to put out display copies and prepare for the crowds. Jon Howells, a spokesman for Waterstones, described it as one of the first “Super Thursdays“ leading up to Christmas, not least because Jamie Oliver was also publishing his book, 15-Minute Meals, on the same day.
44、Mr. Howells said that while he anticipated a big rush at the outset, the book would, in all likelihood, not inspire the equivalent of Pottermania. “Certainly, the anticipation for J.K. Rowlings book has been great because its the first non-Harry Potter book and it is for a purely adult audience. I t
45、hink it will see a fantastic level of first day and first weekend sales and after that people will come to it more steadily.“We are treating it as a very different thing from the Harry Potter books. The way readers will approach this will be different. A lot of the readers will be curious and intere
46、sted in what this book can do for them. There was a huge sense of urgency with the Harry Potter books, and people wanted to read them quickly so that they would not find out the plot through other mediums, while this is a standalone story,“ he said. A spokeswoman for Tesco, which will also be stocki
47、ng the book, said: “If the hits on the Tesco Books blog are anything to go by, we think it could be one of our bestselling books in the run-up to Christmas.“The plot of the book, which revolves around the inhabitants of a small English town, has been fiercely guarded, and newspaper reviewers have be
48、en asked to sign the kind of long and stiffly worded pre-publication confidentiality contracts that a celebrity footballer might use to protect his darkest secrets. A limited number of copies will be delivered by hand to reviewers homes today.Rowling is due to attend her only question-and-answer ses
49、sion in front of a live audience in London on the day of publication. The event, at the 900-seat Queen Elizabeth Hall in the Southbank Centre, sold out within 48 hours and will also be attended by the worlds media. The Southbank Centre condemned the selling of single 12 tickets on eBay for 85 each. The event, which will last just under two hours including a 30-minute Q encourage her to seriously consider having a baby on her own; or freak her out s
