1、专业英语八级-试卷857及答案解析 (总分：142.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：6，分数：50.00)1.PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION_2.SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on A
2、NSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task._Theories of HistoryI. How much we know abou
3、t history?A.【T1】 1 exist for only a fraction of mans time【T1】 2B. The accuracy of these records is often【T2】 3, 【T2】 4and【T3】 5often needs improvement. 【T3】 6II. Reconstruction of history before writingA. being difficult because of the【T4】 7of history to us【T4】 8B. the most that we can do is: use【T5
4、】 9【T5】 10and the knowledge of the habits of animals.III. Theories about historyA. Objective: impossible to【T6】 11the beginning and【T6】 12【T7】 13the end of mans story. 【T7】 14B. One theory believes that man continually【T8】 15. 【T8】 16【T9】 17must be more intelligent and civilized【T9】 18than his ances
5、tors.Human race will evolve into a race of【T10】 19. 【T10】 20C. The second theory holds the mans history is like a【T11】 21 【T11】 22of development.Modern man is not 【T12】 23. 【T12】 24Modern man may be inferior to members of【T13】 25. 【T13】 26D. The third theory: Human societies【T14】 27a cycle of stages
6、, 【T14】 28but overall progress is【T15】 29in the long historical perspective. 【T15】 30（分数：30.00）(1).【T1】（分数：2.00）填空项1:_(2).【T2】（分数：2.00）填空项1:_(3).【T3】（分数：2.00）填空项1:_(4).【T4】（分数：2.00）填空项1:_(5).【T5】（分数：2.00）填空项1:_(6).【T6】（分数：2.00）填空项1:_(7).【T7】（分数：2.00）填空项1:_(8).【T8】（分数：2.00）填空项1:_(9).【T9】（分数：2.00）填空项1
7、:_(10).【T10】（分数：2.00）填空项1:_(11).【T11】（分数：2.00）填空项1:_(12).【T12】（分数：2.00）填空项1:_(13).【T13】（分数：2.00）填空项1:_(14).【T14】（分数：2.00）填空项1:_(15).【T15】（分数：2.00）填空项1:_3.SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear ONE interview. The interview will be divided into TWO parts. At the end of each part, five questi
8、ons will be asked about what was said. Both the interview and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A , B , C and D , and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have T
9、HIRTY seconds to preview the questions._A.Because they are surrounded by iron products.B.Because they take in too much iron from the diet.C.Because they suffer from the side effect of modern technology.D.Because they are influenced by the radiation of computers.A.Taking an operation.B.Injection ther
10、apy.C.Blood donation.D.Taking medicine.A.People need enough sun to get vitamin D.B.The ultraviolet rays from sun are beneficial.C.The sun can bring people a good mood.D.People can do outdoor exercise only in the sun.A.They tend to take in less vitamin D in that season.B.They do less exercise and bec
11、ome weaker than usual.C.They need to eat much more greasy food to keep warm.D.They get less sun to convert cholesterol into vitamin D.A.Because some people dont think they need the sun to get vitamin D.B.Because its an example of an evolutionary compromise.C.Because someone has got too much sun.D.Be
12、cause some people think they are healthy enough.A.Because the gene has been passed down before they died.B.Because their families and relatives had similar gene.C.Because the gene had to protect people in the past and today.D.Because the gene has been passed down by skipped generation.A.Ten minutes
13、before we go indoor.B.Ten minutes after exposing to the sun.C.The first ten minutes when go out in the sun.D.As soon as we go out in the sun.A.Because they take advantage of numerous fertilizers.B.Because they are all sprayed with pesticides.C.Because they contain great chemicals and make poisons.D.
14、Because they have been processed before sale.A.Because some of them are not used to some kinds of alcohol.B.Because most of them drink fewer times than people of other continents.C.Because half of them lack a gene to break down alcohol efficiently.D.Because some of them suffer from diseases that lim
15、it drinking.A.It gives conventional account for medicine.B.It introduces the dietary regime for the sick.C.It sees various medical issues in new light.D.It offers tips on survival in the wilderness.二、READING COMPREHENSIO(总题数：10，分数：44.00)4.PART II READING COMPREHENSION_5.SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUE
16、STIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A , B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer._(1) The world isnt flat, writes Edward Glaeser, its paved. At
17、any rate, most of the places where people prefer to dwell are paved. More than half of humanity now lives in cities, and every month 5 million people move from the countryside to a city somewhere in the developing world. (2) For Mr Glaeser, a Harvard economist who grew up in Manhattan, this is a hap
18、py prospect. He calls cities our species greatest invention: proximity makes people more inventive, as bright minds feed off one another; more productive, as scale gives rise to finer degrees of specialisation; and kinder to the planet, as city-dwellers are more likely to go by foot, bus or train th
19、an the car-slaves of suburbia and the sticks. He builds a strong case, too, for town-dwelling, drawing on his own research as well as that of other observers of urban life. And although liberally sprinkled with statistics, Triumph of the City is no dry work. Mr Glaeser writes lucidly and spares his
20、readers the equations of his trade. (3) What makes some cities succeed? Successful places have in common the ability to attract people and to enable them to collaborate. Yet Mr Glaeser also says they are not like Tolstoys happy families: those that thrive, thrive in their own ways. Thus Tokyo is a n
21、ational seat of political and financial power. Singapore embodies a peculiar mix of the free market, state-led industrialisation and paternalism. The well-educated citizenries of Boston, Milan, Minneapolis and New York have found new sources of prosperity when old ones ran out. (4) Mr Glaeser is lik
22、ely to raise hackles in three areas. The first is urban poverty in the developing world. He can see the misery of a slum in Kolkata, Lagos or Rio de Janeiro as easily as anyone else, but believes that theres a lot to like about urban poverty because it beats the rural kind. Cities attract the poor w
23、ith the promise of a better lot than the countryside offers. About three-quarters of Lagoss people have access to safe drinking water; the Nigerian average is less than 30%. Rural West Bengals poverty rate is twice Kolkatas. (5) The second is the height of buildings. Mr Glaeser likes them talland it
24、s not just the Manhattanite in him speaking. He likes low-rise neighbourhoods, too, but points out that restrictions on height are also restrictions on the supply of space, which push up the prices of housing and offices. That suits those who own property already, but hurts those who might otherwise
25、 move in, and hence perhaps the city as a whole. (6) So Mr Glaeser wonders whether central Paris might have benefited from a few skyscrapers. He certainly believes that his hometown should preserve fewer old buildings. And he thinks that cities in developing countries should build up rather than out
26、. New dovntown developments in Mumbai, he says, should rise to at least 40 storeys. (7) The third, related, area is sprawl, which is promoted, especially in America, by flawed policies nationally and locally. Living out of town may feel green, but it isnt. Americans live too far apart, drive too muc
27、h and walk too little. The tax-deductibility of mortgage interest encourages people to buy houses rather than rent flats, buy bigger properties rather than smaller ones and therefore to spread out. Minimum plot sizes keep folk out of, say, Marin County, California. He says that spreading Houston has
28、 done a better job of providing affordable housing than all of the progressive reformers on Americas East and West coasts. (8) Cities need wise government above all else, and they get it too rarely. That is one reason why, from Paris in 1789 to Cairo in 2011, they are sources of political upheaval a
29、s well as economic advance. The reader may wonder if Mumbai really would be better off as a city of high-rise slums rather than low-rise ones.（分数：6.00）(1).The sentence in the first paragraph The world isnt flat. its paved. implies that_.（分数：2.00）A.the world is a round settled planetB.cities are buil
30、t by human beingsC.urban life is better than suburban lifeD.people prefer to dwell in the countryside(2).According to Mr Glaesers theory, which of the following is NOT true?（分数：2.00）A.People should notice something positive about urban poverty.B.Low-rise neighbourhoods are advisable in developing co
31、untries.C.The mortgage interest policy promotes sprawl in America.D.The story of Marin County is a good demonstration of flawed policies.(3).Which of the following adjectives best describes the authors treatment of Glaesers argumentation?（分数：2.00）A.Indifferent.B.Neutral.C.Affirmative.D.Critical.(1)
32、Imagine that you could rewind the clock 20 years, and youre 20 years younger. How do you feel? Well, if youre at all like the subjects in a provocative experiment by Harvard psychologist Ellen Langer, you actually feel as if your body clock has been turned back two decades. Langer did a study like t
33、his with a group of elderly men some years ago, retrofitting an isolated old New England hotel so that every visible sign said it was 20 years earlier. The menin their late 70s and early 80swere told not to reminisce about the past, but to actually act as if they had traveled back in time. The idea
34、was to see if changing the mens mindset about their own age might lead to actual changes in health and fitness. (2) Langers findings were stunning: After just one week, the men in the experimental group (compared with controls of the same age) had more joint flexibility, increased dexterity and less
35、 arthritis in their hands. Their mental sensitivity had risen measurably, and they had improved posture. Outsiders who were shown the mens photographs judged them to be significantly younger than the controls. In other words, the aging process had in some measure been reversed. (3) Though this sound
36、s a bit woo-wooey, Langer and her Harvard colleagues have been running similarly inventive experiments for decades, and the accumulated weight of the evidence is convincing. Her theory, argued in her new book, Counterclockwise, is that we are all victims of our own stereotypes about aging and health
37、. We mindlessly accept negative cultural cues about disease and old age, and these cues shape our self-concepts and our behavior. If we can shake loose from the negative cliches that dominate our thinking about health, we can mindfully open ourselves to possibilities for more productive lives even i
38、nto old age. (4) Consider another of Langers mindfulness studies, this one using an ordinary optometrists eye chart. Thats the chart with the huge E on top, and descending lines of smaller and smaller letters that eventually become unreadable. Langer and her colleagues wondered: what if we reversed
39、it? The regular chart creates the expectation that at some point you will be unable to read. Would turning the chart upside down reverse that expectation, so that people would expect the letters to become readable? Thats exactly what they found. The subjects still couldnt read the tiniest letters, b
40、ut when they were expecting the letters to get more legible, they were able to read smaller letters than they could have normally. Their expectationtheir mindsetimproved their actual vision. (5) That means that some people may be able to change prescriptions if they change the way they think about s
41、eeing. But other health consequences might be mora important than that. Heres another study, this one using clothing as a trigger for aging stereotypes. Most people try to dress appropriately for their age, so clothing in effect becomes a cue for ingrained attitudes about age. But what if this cue d
42、isappeared? Langer decided to study people who routinely wear uniforms as part of their work life, and compare them with people who dress in street clothes. She found that people who wear uniforms missed fewer days owing to illness or injury, had fewer doctors visits and hospitalizations, and had fe
43、wer chronic diseaseseven though they all had the same socioeconomic status. Thats because they were not constantly reminded of their own aging by their fashion choices. The health differences were even more exaggerated when Langer looked at affluent people: presumably the means to buy even more clot
44、hes provides a steady stream of new aging cues, which wealthy people internalize as unhealthy attitudes and expectations. (6) Langers point is that we are surrounded every day by subtle signals that aging is an undesirable period of decline. These signals make it difficult to age gracefully. Similar
45、 signals also lock all of usregardless of ageinto pigeonholes for disease. We are too quick to accept diagnostic categories like cancer and depression, and let them define us. (7) Thats not to say that we wont encounter illness, bad moods or a stiff back. But with a little mindfulness, we can try to
46、 embrace uncertainty and understand that the way we feel today may or may not connect to the way we will feel tomorrow.（分数：8.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT true about the old men in the experimental group during Langers experiment?（分数：2.00）A.They look younger than they are.B.They look much happier than before.C.Their joints tend to be more flexible.D.They have fewer diseases than before.(2).The word woo-wooey in the third paragraph
