1、专业英语四级分类模拟357及答案解析 (总分：44.95，做题时间：90分钟)一、PART CLOZE(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Adiscovered B confronted Cinteractive Dtechniques Ecorrelation Femerge Geffectively Hcommitted Imanagers Jtraditionally Kaggressively Lcooperativeness Mvirtue Nemployees Odeveloped When women do become managers, do they bring a diffe
2、rent style and different skills to the job? Are they better, or worse, managers than men? Are women more highly motivated and 1 than male managers? Some researches support the idea that women bring different attitudes and skills to management jobs, such as greater 2 , an emphasis on affiliation and
3、attachment, and a 3 to bring emotional factors to bear in making workplace decisions. These differences are seen to carry advantages for companies, because they expand the range of 4 that can be used to help the company manage its workforce 5 . A study commissioned by the International Womens Forum
4、6 a management style used by some women managers ( and also by some men) that differs from the command- and-control style 7 used by male managers. Using this 8 leadership approach, women encourage participation, share power and information, enhance other peoples self-worth, and get others excited ab
5、out their work. All these things reflect their belief that allowing 9 to contribute and to feel powerful and important is a win-win situation good for the employees and the organization. The studys director predicted that interactive leadership may 10 as the management style of choice for many organ
6、izations.（分数：25.00）二、PART READING COMPR(总题数：1，分数：20.00)SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that you think is
7、 the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. PASSAGE ONE Mirrorworlds is only one of David Gelernters big ideas. Another is lifestreamsin essence, vast electronic diaries. Every document you create and every document other people send to you is stored in your lifestream, he wrote in t
8、he mid-1990s together with Eric Freeman, who produced a doctoral thesis on the topic. Putting electronic documents in chronological order, they said, would make it easier for people to manage all their digital output and experiences. Lifestreams have not yet replaced the desktop on personal computer
9、s, as Mr. Gelernter had hoped. Indeed, a software start-up to implement the idea folded in 2004. But today something quite similar can be found all over the web in many different forms. Blogs are essentially electronic diaries. Personal newsfeeds are at the heart of Facebook and other social network
10、s. A torrent of short text messages appears on Twitter. Certain individuals are going even further than Mr. Gelernter expected. Some are digitising their entire office, including pictures, bills and correspondence. Others record their whole life. Gordon Bell, a researcher at Microsoft, puts everythi
11、ng he has accumulated, written, photographed and presented in his local cyberspace. Yet others log every aspect of their lives with wearable cameras. The latest trend is life-tracking. Practitioners keep meticulous digital records of things they do: how much coffee they drink, how much work they do
12、each day, what books they are reading, and so on. Much of this is done manually by putting the data into a PC or, increasingly, a smartphone. But people are also using sensors, mainly to keep track of their vital signs, for instance to see how well they sleep or how fast they run. The first self-tra
13、ckers were mostly ber-geeks fascinated by numbers. But the more recent converts simply want to learn more about themselves, says Gary Wolf, a technology writer and co-founder of a blog called The Quantified Self. They want to use technology to help them identify factors that make them depressed, and
14、 keep them from sleeping or affect their cognitive performance. One self-tracker learned, for instance, that eating a lot of butter allowed him to solve arithmetic problems faster. A market for self-tracking devices is already emerging. Fitbit and Greengoose, two start-ups, are selling wireless acce
15、lerometers that can track a users physical activity. Zeo, another start-up, has developed an alarm clock that comes with a headband to measure peoples brainwave activity at night and chart their sleep on the web. As people create more such self-tracking data, firms will start to mine them and offer
16、services based on the result. Xobni, for example, analyses peoples inboxes (xobni spelled backwards) to help them manage their e-mail and contacts. It lists them according to the intensity of the electronic relationship rather than in alphabetical order. Users are sometimes surprised by the results,
17、 says Jeff Bonforte, the firms boss: They think its creepy when we list other people before their girlfriend or wife. PASSAGE TWO A paradox of education is that presenting information in a way that looks easy to learn often has the opposite effect. Numerous studies have demonstrated that when people
18、 are forced to think hard about what they are shown they remember it better, so it is worth looking at ways this can be done. And a piece of research about to be published in Cognition , by Daniel Oppenheimer, a psychologist at Princeton University, and his colleagues, suggests a simple one: make th
19、e text convey the information harder to read. Dr. Oppenheimer recruited 28 volunteers aged between 18 and 40 and asked them to learn, from written descriptions, about three species of extraterrestrial alien, each of which had seven features. This task was meant to be similar to learning about animal
20、 species in a biology lesson. It used aliens in place of actual species to be certain that the participants could not draw on prior knowledge. Half of the volunteers were presented with the information in difficult-to-read fonts (12-point Comic Sans MS 75% greyscale and 12-point Bodoni MT 75% greysc
21、ale). The other half saw it in 16-point Arial pure-black font, which tests have shown is one of the easiest to read. Participants were given 90 seconds to memorise the information in the lists. They were then distracted with unrelated tasks for a quarter of an hour or so, before being asked question
22、s about the aliens, such as What is the diet of the Pangerish? and What colour eyes does the Norgletti have? The upshot was that those reading the Arial font got the answers right 72.8% of the time, on average. Those forced to read the more difficult fonts answered correctly 86.5% of the time. The q
23、uestion was, would this result translate from the controlled circumstances of the laboratory to the unruly environment of the classroom? It did. When the researchers asked teachers to use the technique in high-school lessons on chemistry, physics, English and history, they got similar results. The l
24、esson, then, is to make text books harder to read, not easier. PASSAGE THREE This is the 12th book of poems in about 50 years of writing by a great Northern Irish poet who is now in his eighth decade, and who recently recovered from a serious illness. Ageing and that brush with death have profoundly
25、 marked this new collection by Seamus Heaney. The change has stripped the poetry back to spare concentration on the small things of lifean old suit, the filling of a fountain pen, the hug that didnt happenwhich then open up to ever fuller significance, the more closely they are examined. It has also
26、 made the poems easier to engage with: there are no puzzling Ulsterisms, for instance. Complications have been tossed aside. Words are no longer delved into for their etymological significance as they were in the 1970s. Now they are caressed for their mellifluousness. The collection feels personalas
27、 if it had a compelling need to be written. A decade and a half ago Mr. Heaney told that once the evil banalities of sectarianism seemed to be receding, his verse was able to admit the big words with which poetry had once abounded: soul and spirit, for example. In this collection both are present, a
28、t some level. The words describing a simple actthe passing of meal in sacks by aid workers onto a trailerin the title poem, Human Chain, transform this 12-line poem into a kind of parable. There is the collective, shared human burden of the act itselfthe stoop and drag and drain of the heavy lifting
29、and then there is the wonderful letting go: Nothing surpassed/That quick unburdening. Is the poet talking about the toil of life, and the aftermath of that toil? The poems snatch precious remembered moments. They linger over the sweetness of particularsvetch, the feel of an eel on a line. They pay a
30、ttention to the heightened ritual of everyday things. The lines are short but move at a gentle pace and need to be read slowly, as the verse drifts back and forth over its country setting like a long-legged fly on a stream. Above all, and this is an odd thing to say of words on a page, the book feel
31、s like handcrafted work. Time and again Mr. Heaney returns to the image of the pen. He began his long career writing of such a pen, nestling snug as a gun between finger and thumb. The gun, we hope, is history. The pen still nestles, fruitfully. PASSAGE FOUR In the digital realm, things seem always
32、to happen the wrong way round. Whereas Google has hurried to scan books into its digital catalogue, a group of national libraries has begun saving what the online giant leaves behind. For although search engines such as Google index the web, they do not archive it. Many websites just disappear when
33、their owner runs out of money or interest. Adam Farquhar, in charge of digital projects for the British Library, points out that the world has in some ways a better record of the beginning of the 20th century than of the beginning of the 21st. In 1996 Brewster Kahle, a computer scientist and the Int
34、ernet entrepreneur, founded the Internet Archive, a non-profit organisation dedicated to preserving websites. He also began gently harassing national libraries to worry about preserving the web. They started to pay attention when several elections produced interesting material that never touched pap
35、er. In 2003 eleven national libraries and the Internet Archive launched a project to preserve born-digital information: the kind that has never existed as anything but digitally. Called the International Internet Preservation Consortium (IIPC), it now includes 39 large institutional libraries. But t
36、he task is impossible. One reason is the sheer amount of data on the web. The groups have already collected several petabytes of data (a petabyte can hold roughly 10 trillion copies of this article). Another issue is ensuring that the data is stored in a format that makes it available in centuries t
37、o come. Ancient manuscripts are still readable. But much digital media from the past is readable only on a handful of fragile and antique machines, if at all. The IIPC has set a single format, making it more likely that future historians will be able to find a machine to read the data. But a single
38、solution cannot capture all content. Web publishers increasingly serve up content-rich pages based on complex data sets. Audio and video programmes based on proprietary formats such as Windows Media Player are another challenge. What happens if Microsoft is bankrupt and forgotten in 2210? The bigges
39、t problem, for now, is money. The British Library estimates that it costs half as much to store a digital document as it does a physical one. But there are a lot more digital ones. Americas Library of Congress enjoys a specific mandate, and budget, to save the web. The British Library is still seeki
40、ng one. So national libraries have decided to split the task. Each has taken responsibility for the digital works in its national top-level domain (web-address suffixes such as .uk or .fr). In countries with larger domains, such as Britain and America, curators cannot hope to save everything. They a
41、re concentrating on material of national interest, such as elections, news sites and citizen journalism or innovative uses of the web. The daily death of countless websites has brought a new sense of urgencyand forced libraries to adapt culturally as well. Past practice was to tag every new document
42、 as it arrived. Now precision must be sacrificed to scale and speed. The task started before standards, goals or budgets are set. And they may yet change. Just like many websites, libraries will be stuck in what is known as permanent beta.（分数：19.95）(1).The word folded in Line 2, Para. 2 means -|_|-.
43、 (PASSAGE ONE)（分数：1.33）A.claspedB.fellC.introducedD.turned up(2).What was Mr. Gelernters expectation for his big ideas? (PASSAGE ONE)（分数：1.33）A.Recording the whole life of people.B.Setting up a start-up to carry out his ideas.C.Replacing the desktop on personal computers.D.Digitizing the entire offi
44、ce of computer users.(3).What is the writers attitude to the technology mentioned in this passage? (PASSAGE ONE)（分数：1.33）A.Critical.B.Enthusiastic.C.Indifferent.D.Neutral.(4).What kind of function is popular with believers of self-trackers? (PASSAGE ONE)（分数：1.33）A.Managing e-mail and contacts.B.Know
45、ing more about themselves.C.Tracking a users physical activity.D.Keeping digital records of things they do.(5).What information is used in the experiment? (PASSAGE TWO)（分数：1.33）A.Species of outer-space aliens.B.Familiar written descriptions.C.Written expository texts on alien.D.Animal species in a b
46、iology lesson.(6).The word upshot (The upshot was that.) in the last paragraph but one means -|_|-. (PASSAGE TWO)（分数：1.33）A.lessonB.pictureC.resultD.turn(7).What can be inferred about the language in the former books of poems by Mr. Heaney? (PASSAGE THREE)（分数：1.33）A.Complicated.B.Melodious.C.Persona
47、l.D.Understandable.(8).What is the topic of the new poem collection? (PASSAGE THREE)（分数：1.33）A.Country.B.Death.C.Soul.D.Everyday life.(9).The word harassing in Para. 2 means -|_|-. (PASSAGE FOUR)（分数：1.33）A.annoyingB.attackingC.pressing hardD.teasing(10).The International Internet Preservation Consor
48、tium is faced with the problems EXCEPT -|_|-. (PASSAGE FOUR)（分数：1.33）A.financial supportB.quantity of dataC.distribution of taskD.format of data storage(11).SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS In this section there are five short answer questions based on the passages in Section A. Answer the questions with NO more than TEN words in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO. The passage mainly deals with 1. (PASSAGE ONE)（分数：1.33）(12).What is the implication of the experiment on education? (PASSAGE TWO)（分数：1.33）
