1、Designation: D7158/D7158M 17Standard Test Method forWind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Uplift Force/UpliftResistance Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7158/D7158M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for calculatingthe wind resistance of asphalt shingles whe
3、n applied inaccordance with the manufacturers instructions, and sealedunder defined conditions. Shingle designs that depend oninterlocking or product rigidity to resist the wind cannot beevaluated using this test method. The method calculates theuplift force exerted on the shingle by the action of w
4、ind at aspecified velocity, and compares that to the mechanical upliftresistance of the shingle. A shingle is determined to be windresistant at a specified basic wind speed when the measureduplift resistance exceeds the calculated uplift force for thatvelocity (3-second gust, ASCE 7).1.2 The values
5、stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.
6、3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Doc
7、uments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D228/D228M Test Methods for Sampling, Testing, andAnalysis of Asphalt Roll Roofing, Cap Sheets, andShingles Used in Roofing and WaterproofingD1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and WaterproofingD3161/D3161M Test Method for Wind-Resistance of SteepSlope Roofing Products (F
8、an-Induced Method)D3462/D3462M Specification for Asphalt Shingles Madefrom Glass Felt and Surfaced with Mineral GranulesD6381/D6381M Test Method for Measurement of AsphaltShingle Mechanical Uplift Resistance2.2 ASCE Standard:3ASCE 7-10 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and OtherStructuresASCE 49-12
9、 Wind Tunnel Testing for Buildings and OtherStructures2.3 ANSI/UL Standard:ANSI/UL 239004 Test Method for Wind Resistant AsphaltShingles with Sealed Tabs43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definition of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology D1079.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific
10、to This Standard:3.2.1 sealantas it relates to steep roofing shingles,isdefined as factory-applied or field-applied typically asphalticmaterial designed to seal the shingles to each other under theaction of time and temperature after the shingles are applied toa roof.3.2.2 sealas it relates to steep
11、 roofing shingles,isthebonding that results from the activation of the sealant under theaction of time and temperature.3.2.3 sealedthe condition of the shingles after they aresubjected to the conditioning procedure described in 10.3.4. Types and Classes of Shingles4.1 Shingles are classified based o
12、n their resistance to windvelocities determined from measured data (Section 11), calcu-lations of uplift force (Section 12), and interpretation of results(Section 13), as follows:4.1.1 Class DPassed at basic wind speeds up to andincluding 185 km/h 115 mph.1This test method is under the jurisdiction
13、ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofingand Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.02 on SteepRoofing Products and Assemblies.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published January 2017. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D7158/D7158M 16.DOI: 1
14、0.1520/D7158_D7158M-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Ci
15、vil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19
16、428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Tech
17、nical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Mon Apr 30 48 4.1.2 Class GPassed at basic wind speeds up to andincluding 241 km/h 150 mph.4.1.3 Class HPassed at basic wind speeds up to andincluding 306 km/h 190 mph.5. Summary of Test Method5.1 The uplift force induced by wind passing over thesurface of as
18、phalt shingles is determined by calculation involv-ing the uplift coefficients obtained from pressures measuredabove and below the shingle at the windward and leeward sidesof the sealant, taking into account the desired basic wind speedclassification and the uplift rigidity of the shingle. The calcu
19、-lated uplift force (FT) for each of the possible classifications iscompared to the measured uplift resistance (RT) of the sealedshingle to establish the wind resistance classification of theshingle.5.2 The method involves three steps:5.2.1 Uplift coefficients are determined by measuring pres-sure d
20、ifferences above and below the shingle as air moves overthe surface of a deck of sealed shingles under controlledconditions.5.2.2 The uplift forces acting on the shingle are calculated,using the wind uplift coefficients, shingle sealant configurationand a specific basic wind speed.5.2.3 Shingle upli
21、ft resistance to that specific basic windspeed is determined by comparing the calculated uplift forcesacting on the sealant to the uplift resistances measured withTest Method D6381/D6381M. Uplift resistances from Proce-dure A and Procedure B are applied against the uplift forces ina manner detailed
22、in the calculation section.5.3 This test method is applicable to any asphalt shinglesurfaced with mineral granules where the shingle above isaffixed to the surface of the shingle below with a sealant(factory or field applied) applied in a pattern aligned parallel tothe windward edge of the shingle.N
23、OTE 1It is not prohibited to use this test method for researchpurposes using variations in the number and placement of fasteners. If thisis done, the report shall include details of the number and placement offasteners.6. Significance and Use6.1 The wind resistance of sealed asphalt shingles is dire
24、ctlyrelated to the ability of the sealed shingle to resist the force ofthe wind acting to lift the shingle from the shingle below. Thistest method employs the measured resistance of the shingle tomechanical uplift after sealing under defined conditions, in acalculation which determines whether this
25、resistance exceedsthe calculated force induced by wind passing over the surfaceof the shingle. Natural wind conditions differ with respect tointensity, duration, and turbulence; while these conditions wereconsidered, and safety factors introduced, extreme naturalvariations are beyond the means of th
26、is test method to simulate.6.2 Many factors influence the sealing characteristics ofshingles in the field; for example, temperature, time, roof slope,contamination by dirt and debris, and fasteners that aremisaligned or under driven and interfere with sealing. It isbeyond the scope of this test meth
27、od to address all of theseinfluences. The classification determined in this test method isbased on the mechanical uplift resistance determined whenrepresentative samples of shingles are sealed under definedconditions before testing.6.3 The calculations that support the Classes in 4.1 useseveral stan
28、dard building environment factors. These includethe 3-s wind gust exposure from ASCE 7-10, installation onCategory I through IV buildings for all slopes, surface groundroughness B or C, and installation on buildings 60 ft tall or less.NOTE 2The assumptions used in the calculations for the classes in
29、 4.1cover the requirements for the majority of the asphalt shingle roofsinstalled. If environmental factors are outside those used in the calcula-tions for these classes, such as surface ground roughness D, buildingheights greater than 60 ft tall, and other exposures as defined by ASCE7-10, other ca
30、lculations are required. Consult the shingle manufacturer forthe specific shingles DCp, EI, L, L1, and L2 values needed to completethese calculations.6.4 The test to determine uplift coefficients is conductedwith a wind velocity of 15.6 6 1.3 m/s 35 6 3 mph. Researchdata obtained during the developm
31、ent of this test procedure, aswell as standard wind modeling practices, provides for dataextrapolation to other wind speeds. In order to simulate theraised shingle edge that is inherent behavior under high windexposure, shims are inserted under the windward edge of theshingle as appropriate based on
32、 wind speed and uplift rigidityof the shingle being investigated. This test method provides ameans of measuring shingle uplift rigidity which is used todetermine the correct shim thickness. Additionally, this testmethod allows for the use of a default value for uplift rigidity(EI) of 7175 N-mm22.5 l
33、bf-in.2, if a rigidity measurement isnot made. This default value is conservative since the lowest EImeasured in the development of this program was 14 350N-mm25.0 lbf-in.2.NOTE 3The entire field of wind engineering is based on use ofsmall-scale models in wind tunnels using wind speeds much lower th
34、anthe full-scale values. Building Codes permit testing of this type to replacethe analytical provisions of the Building Code through the provisions ofASCE 7-10. (See Appendix X1 for details and references.)7. Apparatus7.1 The apparatus described in Test Method D6381/D6381M, ProcedureA, modified as d
35、escribed below, is used todetermine the uplift rigidity of the shingle being evaluated.7.2 The apparatus described in Test Method D3161/D3161M, modified as described below, is used to determine thewind uplift coefficient of the shingle being evaluated.7.3 Air flow instrumentation capable of continuo
36、usly mea-suring and recording time-averaged velocity accurate to 60.45m/s 61.0 mph and a method of traversing the measurementdevice above the test deck is used to measure velocities of theair flow.7.4 Air pressure instrumentation capable of continuouslymeasuring and electronically recording the time
37、-averaged pres-sures of 2.5 to 311 Pa 0.01 to 1.25 in. of water is used tomeasure the pressure above and below the shingle on the testdeck.7.5 Shims of thickness 1 6 0.05 mm 0.04 6 0.002 in. anda maximum length and width of 5.1 by 5.1 mm 0.2 by 0.2 in.are used to lift the windward edge of the shingl
38、e during part ofD7158/D7158M 172Mon Apr 30 48 the wind uplift coefficient measurements (see 11.2.5). Shims ofother thicknesses, but a minimum of 0.1 mm 0.004 in., and amaximum width and length of 5.1 by 5.1 mm 0.2 by 0.2 in.,are used as required, alone or in combination, to lift thewindward edge to
39、the height calculated from the shingledeflection (see 11.2.13).NOTE 4The modifications to the Test Method D3161/D3161Mapparatus to induce turbulence, the air flow and pressure measurementinstrumentation, and the shims employed, are consistent with the proce-dure developed for Test Method ANSI/UL 239
40、0 for shingle windresistance testing.7.6 The apparatus described in Test Method D6381/D6381M is used to determine the mechanical uplift resistanceof the shingle being evaluated. The selection of ProcedureAorB in Test Method D6381/D6381M is dictated by the magnitudeof the forces in front of (FF) and
41、behind (FB) the sealant ascalculated using the measured wind uplift coefficient and thegeometry of the shingle being evaluated (see 12.2).8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Shingle Uplift RigidityUse a metal shim 90 by 90 mm3.5 by 3.5 in. with thickness equal to or greater than that ofthe jaw of the pen
42、dant clamp in Test Method D6381/D6381Mto allow insertion of the jaw of the pendant clamp withoutdeflecting the specimen before the test begins. Insert the shimall the way to the base (“stop”) of the specimen clamp on thelower fixture. The second specimen clamp on the lower fixtureis not used in this
43、 test. The same “stop” shall be used each timefor both the shim and the specimens. See Fig. 1.8.2 Shingle Wind Uplift Coeffcient:8.2.1 Install devices to induce the desired turbulent air flowfrom the fan-induced wind apparatus used in Test MethodD3161/D3161M as follows:8.2.1.1 Install a turbulence g
44、rid as shown in Fig. 2 in the airflow exit orifice of the fan-induced wind apparatus.8.2.1.2 Install a bridge panel with roughness strips betweenthe air flow orifice of the apparatus used in Test MethodD3161/D3161M and the test deck as shown in Fig. 3.8.2.1.3 The overall arrangement of a modified Te
45、st MethodD3161/D3161M apparatus is shown schematically in Fig. 4.8.2.1.4 Test decks shall be constructed in accordance withTest Method D3161/D3161M, with the shingles applied inaccordance with the manufacturers instructions. The test decksits on an adjustable stand, and is fixed at 910 mm 36 in. fro
46、mthe air flow orifice. A rigid bridge with roughness strips (asshown in Fig. 4) is placed between the orifice and the test deck,and there is no step between the bridge and the deck. Thebridge and the deck are both set at a slope of 1.6 6 0.5 degrees.A minimum of 4 ft 1.2 m of clear space shall be ma
47、intainedat the sides and back of the test panel deck.FIG. 1 Apparatus Used in Test Method D6381/D6381M Modified for this Test Method Using a Metal Shim and Using Only One SpecimenClampD7158/D7158M 173Mon Apr 30 48 8.2.1.5 The measurement area, as shown in Fig. 5, is an areaof 305 by 178 mm 12 by 7 i
48、n. with the long directionperpendicular to the airflow. The area is centered 635 mm 25in. from either side of the 1.27 m 50 in. dimension of the testdeck. The front edge of the measurement area shall be the firstcourse of shingles located within the measurement area with itswindward edge at least 35
49、6 mm 14 in. from the edge of thetest deck closest to the air source.8.2.1.6 Calibrate the air flow as follows: A vertical velocityprofile of time-averaged (mean) velocity shall be measured atthe center of the measurement area at 12.7 and 25.4 mm 0.5and 1.0 in. above the surface, and at every 25.4 mm 1.0 in.above the previous measurement to a height of 152 mm 6 in.The velocity will increase with distance from the surface, reacha peak value, and begin to decrease with additional height.Record the maximum v
