1、Designation: F2226 03 (Reapproved 2009)1Standard Practice forDetermining the Adhesion of Prints and Laminating Films1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2226; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEThe units of measure were editorially corrected in December 2009.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for printin
3、g a document,applying a laminating film and subsequently delaminating. Thelaminate film is used for encapsulating and mounting prints topreserve them in office and outdoor environments.1.2 This practice describes procedures for determining theadhesion strength of lamination film when it is applied t
4、o blackand white and color prints produced by printers, copiers andother reprographic devices.1.3 This practice can be used to test different laminates witha given set of inks and media or it can be used to evaluate inksand media with a given laminate.1.4 This practice specifies size of specimens an
5、d definesconditions for measurement of peel adhesion at a 180 angleand delamination speed.1.5 This practice is applicable to constructions where thesubstrate surface is subject to failure under peel conditions.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given
6、in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish app
7、ro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions:2.1.1 high temperature laminationlamination at tempera-ture not lower than 180F (80C). The maximum appliedtemperature is 240 to 250F (115 to 121C).2.1.2 laminat
8、ion filmplastic film having an adhesive layeron one side. The film can be glossy, semi-glossy, or matte andcontain additives modifying its optical properties. The filmusually has a thickness between 1 to 10 mils (25 to 250 ).2.1.3 low temperature laminationlamination at room tem-perature with applie
9、d pressure mostly to mounting board usinga pressure-sensitive adhesive.2.1.4 mounting boardpaperboard, plastic board, or anysupporting board, which could be used to display prints.2.1.5 printed mediarecording elements used by printers toreceive inks or toners. The substrate may be paper, plastic,can
10、vas, fabric, or other ink receptive material. The substratemay, or not, be coated with an ink receptive layer(s).2.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.2.1 adhesion strength of a laminateload per unit neces-sary to remove the laminate from a prescribed surface whenmeasured in accordanc
11、e with this test method.2.2.2 delaminating/debondingseparation of a laminatingfilm from a printed media.2.2.3 kinetic peakload per unit presenting the maximumforce that occurs during the average time during the peel test.See Fig. 1.2.2.4 peel or stripping strengththe average load per unitwidth of sa
12、mple required to separate or peel the laminate fromthe printed media at the adhered interface at a separation angleof approximately 180 and at a separation rate of preferably 12in. (308 mm) per minute. It is expressed in Newtons per meterwidth, grams per inch width, or ounces per inch width.2.2.5 ro
13、ot-mean-square (RMS)a mathematical treatmentof the force data intended to qualify the extent to which thevalue deviates about its average value.2.2.6 static peakload per unit presenting the maximumforce that occurs during the delay time before starting the peeltest. See Fig. 1.2.2.7 valleyload per u
14、nit presenting minimum force dur-ing the average time under kinetic conditions. See Fig. 1.3. Summary of Practice3.1 Coated or uncoated substrate is printed under standardconditions using four primary, three secondary colors andcomposite black. Eight color strips 1 in. (2.54 mm) wide andone unprinte
15、d are generated.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.03 onResearch.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in
16、2003 as F2226 03. DOI:10.1520/F2226-03R09E01.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the
17、latest information13.2 The prints having eight color strips are conditioned(preferably for 24 h) and subsequently laminated.3.3 The laminated prints are conditioned (preferably for 24h), cut into 1 in. (25.4-mm) strips and subsequently delami-nated.3.4 Comparative studies require testing under well-
18、definedconditions.4. Significance and Use4.1 The image life of printed media displayed in bothtypical office and outdoor environments can be extended bylamination or encapsulation. While natural aging is the mostreliable method of assessing lamination adhesion, the length ofthe time required makes t
19、his method impractical for mostmaterials. The peel strength method allows comparative stud-ies of prints and laminating films.4.2 Good adhesion is prime consideration for laminatingfilms and prints. A laminating film, which does not adhere to aprint or vice versa generally, has no commercial value.
20、Thismethod is used to obtain comparative data of peel strength ofencapsulated or laminated media.4.3 Peel strength can be measured up to a point where thepeel strength is equal to the tensile strength of the adhesive orthe print.4.4 In many applications, having sufficient laminate adhe-sion strength
21、 is important to give satisfactory performance. Theproperty is also important in determining the uniformity ofquality.4.5 A rough or raspy peel test will produce a higher RMSvalue than one that is smooth and continuous. It can be relatedto “zippering,” “shocking,” or “stick-slip.”4.6 Bond Strength a
22、nd Interfacial AdhesionThe bondstrength of a laminate essentially depends on both the adhesiveand the cohesive strength of the laminating system. Peelstrength of the laminate is typically determined by debondingthe laminate using 180 peel test. Fig. 2 presents five possiblemodes of failure: (1) debo
23、nding of the ink receptive underlayerfrom the substrate (2) debonding of the ink receptive top layerfrom the underlayer, (3) debonding of the adhesive from thetop ink receptive surface, (4) debonding the adhesive from thelaminating film, (5) the substrate or film failure tear. The failureof the lami
24、nate will occur at its weakest link. It is generallydesirable to have high bond strength to the recording elementwith failure occurring where the adhesive debonds from the inkreceptive.5. Interferences5.1 Since the ability of laminating film to adhere to printedmedia is dependent on temperature and
25、humidity, it is impor-tant that lamination be assessed under the conditions appropri-ate to the end use applications. While printed media may behandled and displayed under a variety of conditions, this testpractice is intended to measure peel strength in typical officeenvironments.5.2 It is recogniz
26、ed that the peel strength of the laminate tothe printed media is dependent on toner or ink color, toner orink load, temperature and relative humidity. Additionally, it isdependent on the substrate, type and coat weight of absorptivelayer and the colorant type (dye versus pigment).Consequently, test
27、results must be determined individually foreach printed recording media/laminate.5.3 The peel strength of the laminate is dependent onlamination temperature and should be tested at the manufac-turers recommended temperature for the best performance.5.4 Using a laminating film thicker than 75 (3 mil)
28、 cancreate a problem in obtaining a 180 angle at the start of thetest. A starting angle of less than 180 can significantly changethe peel speed and mostly lead to delamination from thesupport instead of the coating (tearing of paper base).5.5 The variation in recording and laminating elementsrequire
29、s carrying out comparative tests under well-definedconditions.FIG. 1 Data TraceF2226 03 (2009)125.6 Because these measurements concern surfaces, theircondition is critical to the values obtained. Be sure to keep allprint surfaces clean and free from contaminants, includingfingerprints.5.7 One of the
30、 most significant (and occasionally ignored)influences on peel values is the time that elapses fromlamination until the test is performed. Values can change by100 % depending on this “aging.” Peel tests intrinsicallyproduce quite a bit of data scatter from test to test. Keep a closewatch on the resu
31、lts to be sure that your results are trulyrepresentative of your materials. Kinetic Peak and Valleyprovide important information about uniformity of laminationof the tested specimen.5.8 Paper media have a tendency to tear the support afterinitial delamination from the bonding interface. It is welldo
32、cumented that at the same coat weight of ink receivingmaterial, lighter paper media have higher tendency to supportfailure than heavier ones. Static Peak can be very useful inevaluation lamination performance of paper media. It is rec-ommended to use Static Peak values to compare media havingpaper b
33、ase failure. Additionally, it can also be used in evalu-ating media having delamination from the bonding interface.Media having paper failure but high Static Peak values areconsidered superior than media delaminated from the bondinterface but having low peel strength.5.9 Reducing laminating temperat
34、ure could eliminate papermedia failure. Lower laminating temperature reduces bondingstrength between media and the laminate. In most cases, paperfailure occurs when the laminate bonding strength is very high.PRINTING6. Test Specimen6.1 The substrate, method of printing, ink or toner lay down,and han
35、dling of printed specimens shall be consistent with theiranticipated end use.6.2 The test image may be generated with personal com-puter using drawing/graphics, or page layout software able togenerate composite black, saved as print file for each printer/method of printing (contributing its unique i
36、nk and ink/receiverinteractions that may impact lamination.) Each print file shouldhave its filename, type, and version identified in the image areaand a place for experimental notes, for example, time, printer,environmental conditions, operator. The printer setting and atrial print of each print fi
37、le version should be archived.6.3 The recommended test image should consist of threeprimary and three secondary color strips 1 by 8.5 in. (25.4 by215.9 mm) plus a non-printed strip 1 by 8.5 in. (25.4 by 215.9mm). The colors should be printed in parallel in the followingorder: black (K), cyan, magent
38、a, yellow, blue, green, red,white, composite black (C).6.4 It is recommend to print in landscape mode having the25.4-mm strips perpendicular to paper machine direction.6.5 The test image used in comparison printers or inks(media laminated with the same film) should provide the samecolor elements.7.
39、Procedure7.1 Preparation of PrinterWhen using an ink jet printer,print heads should be aligned, calibrated and checked for anynozzle clogging. Nozzle failure will reduce the ink lay downand can change peel strength.7.2 The color strips printed should be generated using printfiles containing the appr
40、opriate printer setup specific for eachapplication.7.3 It is recommended that the color strip be printed asPostscript 3 file without color corrections using standard inkload limits or media selection. The printing mode is dependenton media type such as glossy photo, semi-glossy, paper bond,heavy-coa
41、ted bond, and so forth.FIG. 2 Modes of Laminate FailureF2226 03 (2009)137.4 Printing mode of the test image should be the same asrecommended for media applications and available associatedliterature or a flyer.7.5 Potential variables, such as temperature and relativehumidity, must be monitored and c
42、ontrolled to guard againstsample-induced changes.7.6 Printing should be carried out at 73.4 F (23C) and50 % relative humidity.7.7 Printing can be done at extreme conditions such as15C, 20 % relative humidity and 38C, 80 % relativehumidity, but information about these conditions should berecorded wit
43、h the lamination data.8. Conditioning8.1 It is recommended that samples be conditioned at 73.4F (23C) and 50 % relative humidity for at least 24 h prior toprinting and for at least 24 h subsequent to lamination.Specimens should be visually inspected for color uniformityand surface irregularities, wh
44、ich could adversely affect colordensities and subsequently lamination.8.2 The above conditioning step is pertinent only wheremedia evaluation or comparison is needed. Obviously, as aproduction tool, the conditioning period is not practical.Therefore, when media are coated in production, the specimen
45、sshould be obtained from each roll and checked as soon aspossible in a repeatable procedure appropriate to the operation.It is imperative that operators use caution in selecting andpreparing specimens to maintain good uniformity.LAMINATION9. Apparatus9.1 A laminator used for continuous laminating, m
46、ountingand encapsulating. The laminator should have precise tempera-ture control and different operating speeds to ensure thatoutgassing from inks does not effect adhesion or cause bubblesin the print. The laminator should:9.2 Be capable of applying heat-activated or pressure-sensitive materials, or
47、 a combination of both.9.3 Have an infinitely variable nip opening for all materialsup to 1.5 in. (40 mm).9.4 Have a digital or analog readout of speed.9.5 Downward pressure and vacuum table are recom-mended.10. Procedure10.1 The print samples should be laminated 24 h afterprinting. The actual lamin
48、ation time after printing should bepresented in the report.10.2 Before lamination, a strip of paper 2 by 8.5 in. (50.8 by216 mm) should be placed vertically on the top of a portion ofthe printed test pattern for each of the colors. About half ofpaper strip should cover the printed area and the other
49、 halfshould cover the unprinted area. This procedure allows the freeend of the test specimen to be separated.10.3 Laminating films that are 75 (3 mil) thick should beused for comparison purposes. Thicker films: 5, 7, and 10 mils(125, 175, and 250 ) make it difficult to obtain the 180Cangle required in the test. At lower angles the film has atendency to rip the support instead of delaminating from thecoating. Films that are 1 or 2 mil (25 or 50 ) thick have atendency to elongate affecting the peel speed.10.4 The temperature of
