1、Taking Notes and Avoiding Plagiarism,1. Note-taking as rewriting 2. Avoiding accidental plagiarism,Taking Notes from Research Reading,three main guidlines: 1. What ideas to record 2. Keep your notes brief 3. Label your notes intelligently,1. Know what kind of ideas you need to record,review the comm
2、only known facts ,thinking and opinionsmaking a preliminary list of the subtopicsChoose a component or angle that interests you, maybe some controversies. Formulate your research questions. look for facts and theories,2.Keep your notes brief,Copy out exact words only when the ideas are memorably phr
3、ased or surprisingly expressed-when you might use them as actual quotations in your paper.,compress ideas in your own words. Choose the most important ideas and write them down as labels or headings. Then fill in with a few subpoints that explain or exemplify. ).,underlining Highlighting write your
4、own words in the margin (or on “sticky“ notes),3. Label your notes intelligently,recording bibliographic information in a master list identify each note by the authors name and page numbergrouping and synthesizing of ideas later,conjunctions create new ideas,Leave space in your notes for comments of
5、 your own - questions and reactions can become a virtual first draft of your paper,avoiding plagiarism,What is plagiarism? Some tips for avoiding accidental plagiarism Paraphrases with no citation Misplaced citations Example of acceptable paraphrase,What is plagiarism,Deliberate plagiarism copying t
6、he work of others and turning it as your own. Whether its from a published paper an encyclopedia articlea paper from a fraternitys files,Plagiarizing a terrible risk,Of being: Punishedsuspendedeven expelled.,accidental plagiarism-another kind,a writer does not intend to plagiarize, but fails to cite
7、 his or her sources completely and correctly. careful notetaking quoting paraphrasing summarizing sources,what needs to be cited,Opinions Arguments Facts, Details Figures Statistics,what doesnt need to be cited,Common sense observations, folklore, urban legends, and well known historical events, suc
8、h as the date of the Pearl Harbor Attacks. Your own experiences, insights, creations, and musings. Your own videos, presentations, music, and other media created and originated by you. The scientific evidence you gathered after performing your own tests, polls, etc.,Plagiarism can also apply to:,Dow
9、nloading a paper from the internet. Hiring someone to write something for you. Attempting to make the ideas of others appear like they are your own.,every time you use the authors words. (For longer quotes, indenting the whole quotation has the same effect as quotation marks.),Use quotation marks,ma
10、king it clear,beginning first sentence,Its someone elses idea for what you quote, paraphrase,or summarize,avoiding two common forms of accidental plagiarism,1. Paraphrases with no citationa paraphrase containing all of the authors information and none of your own commentary is an example of plagiari
11、sm.,unacceptable paraphrases:,using the authors wordsusing the authors sentences structures,The American Heritage dictionary defines plagiarism as:,“the unauthorized use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as ones own original work.“,examp
12、le,Original source: “The law of the land prohibited slaves from seeking remuneration from their masters for even the most heinous crimes.“ Plagiarizing: “The law of the land forbade slaves from seeking damages from their masters for even the most vile crimes.“ Not plagiarizing: “Even injured, tortur
13、ed, or taunted slaves could not press for remuneration from their masters “ according to United States law at the time. (Jefferson, 157),2. Misplaced citations,Any quoted, paraphrased, or summarized material that comes after the reference is plagiarized: it looks like it is supposed to be your own i
14、dea.,Lunsford and Connors,Paraphrasing is useful because paraphrasing material helps you digest a passage, because chances are you cant restate the passage in your own words unless you grasp its full meaning . When you incorporate an accurate paraphrase into your paper, you show your readers your un
15、derstanding of that source. (Lunsford and Connors 596),Plagiarism (misplaced citation):,Lunsford and Connors say that paraphrasing is useful because paraphrasing material helps you digest a passage, because chances are you cant restate the passage in your own words unless you grasp its full meaning
16、.(original)“ When you incorporate an accurate paraphrase into your paper, you show your readers your understanding of that source “. (596),a point about multiple citations from the same source:,cite them all individually. It is not adequate to give one citation at the end of the paragraph for a bunc
17、h of individual points abstracted from a source.,accurate note taking is important,Or you will forget which words are yours and which are the original writers.,Specific tips to avoid Plagiarism,Paraphrase most of the time: compress and write in your own words what you understand to be the basic mean
18、ing of a sentence or a block of text.,making notes instead of taking notes Highlighting key passagesphotocopying key pages,can be good first steps towards extracting important information,before starting your draft,translate rewrite,your notable research findings now,Dont count on doing it later,acc
19、eptable paraphrase: putting the idea in your own words,Key words and phrases in the original are in red print. The changes in wording and sentence structure in the paraphrase are underlined.,Original,But Fridas outlook was vastly different from that of the Surrealists. Her art was not the product of
20、 a disillusioned European culture searching for an escape from the limits of logic by plumbing the subconscious. Instead, her fantasy was a product of her temperament, life, and place; it was a way of coming to terms with reality, not of passing beyond reality into another realm. Herrera,1998,Paraph
21、rase,As Herrera explains, Fridas surrealistic vision was unlike that of the European Surrealists. While their art grew out of their disenchantment with society and their desire to explore the subconscious mind as a refuge from rational thinking , Fridas vision was an outgrowth of her own personality
22、 and life experiences in Mexico . She used her surrealistic images to understand better her actual life, not to create a dreamworld (258).,Paulo Frieres thesis “The Banking Concept of Education”,melting paraphrasing with purpose,Original In the banking concept of education, knowledge is a gift besto
23、wed by those who consider themselves knowledgeable upon those whom they consider to know nothing.,Neutral paraphrasing One approach to education is to view students as empty banks and teachers as depositors of knowledge.,Neutral paraphrasing According to Paulo Friere, a note critics of current teach
24、ing methods, all too often teachers see students as simple empty bank accounts into which they must deposit knowledge.,Active responding Frieres “banking concept of education”which suggests that students are things into which knowledge must be depositedonly further alienates them from learning, rein
25、forcing the idea that knowledge isnt meant to be used but simply absorbed like a sponge.,Try to look for opportunities to actively use sources to push your own thinking.,Summarizing,When the information is dry or paraphrasing is unnecessary,Selective summarizing Use limited quotes in the summary,A s
26、ummary of Mertons passage of fraternity for the authors critical view Andrew Merton argues that fraternities are a “safe refuge” for maturing young men who are threatened by women. What makes them safe is that someone else called “ a conspiracy of silence” between brothers about sexist behavior. It
27、violates the code to confront a brother, An exclusive male culture will always treat women as outsiders.,l Is the prose unusual, surprising or memorable? l Does the writer make a point in an interesting way? l Is it a voice of authority? l Is it a clear explanation?,l Quoting,l Quoting fairly: l Quo
28、te accurately l Make sure its clear in your notes that its quoted material l Beware of distorting quote by using it out of context.,Correct the following paragraphs of suspected plagiarism and explain(p.44):,1.Original Source Material: Theories differ from philosophies and models of teaching. A phil
29、osophy is a value system, whereas a theory seeks to explain real-world events and can be certified through scientific investigation. Models of teaching are approaches to the management of some aspect of classroom instruction and they may not be independent of subject area, grade level, age of the student, or the setting for learning. A characteristic of learning theories is that they address the underlying psychological dynamics of events. Thus, they provide a mechanism for understanding the implications of events related to learning in both formal and informal settings.,
