1、American Petroleum Institute REMEDIATION OF A FRACTURED CLAY TILL- USING AIR FLUSHING: FIELD EXPERIMENTS AT SARNIA, ONTARIO T HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT PUBLICATION NUMBER DR 225 OCTOBER 1998 Cosponsored by , The United States Department of Energy STD.API/PETRO PUBL DR 225-ENGL 177
2、8 II 0732270 O632240 643 = STD.API/PETRO PUBL DR 225-ENGL 1998 E 0732290 ObL224L 58T - American Petroleum Institute -I- American Petroleum Institute Environmental, Health, and Safety Mission and Guiding Principles MISSION The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous ef
3、forts to improve lhe compatibility of our operations with the environmcnt while economically developing energy Tesources and supplying high quality preducts and services to consumers. .We recognize our responsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural r
4、esources in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage oyr businesses according to the following principles using sound science to prioritize risks and to implement cost-eflectiv
5、e management practices: - o To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, products and operations. o To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees a
6、nd the public. o To make safety, health and envirpnmental considerations a priority in our piinning, and our development of new products and processes. o To advise promptly, apprdpriate officials, employees, customers and the public of - information on significant industry-related safety, health and
7、 environmental hazards, pd to recommend protective measures. e To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and disposal of our raw materials, products and waste materials. 8 o To economically develop and produce natural resouices and to conserve those resources by u
8、sing energy efficiently. o To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safety, health and environmental effects of our raw materiais, products, processes and waste - materials. PRINCIPLES I i o To commit to reduce overall emission and waste generation. o . To work with others to
9、resolve problems created by handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our operations. o To participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment. l o ,To promote these principles and practices by
10、sharing experiences and offering assistance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materials, petroleum products and wastes. - STD.API/PETRO PUBL DR 225-ENGL 1778 E 0732270 Ob122Y2 416 E REMEDIATION OF A FRACTURED CLAY TILL USING AIR FLUSHING: FIELD EXPERIMENTS AT SA
11、RNIA, ONTARIO Health and Environmental Sciences Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER DR 225 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: RICHARD L. JOHNSON DIANE E. GRADY CENTER FOR GROUNDWATER RESEARCH BEAVERTON, OREGON OREGON GRADUATE INSTITUTE OCTOBER 1998 American Petroleum 1 Institute STD.API/PETRO PUBL DR 225-ENG
12、L 1998 H 0732290 0632243 352 FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULAmONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFAC- TURERS, OR SUPPLIERS T
13、O WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTH
14、ERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT. THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL- All rights reserved. No part of this work mq be r
15、eproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publishei: Contact the publishel; API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N. W, Washington, D.C. 20005. Copyright Q 1998 Amer
16、ican Petroleum institute iii STD=API/PETRO PUBL DR 225-ENGL 3998 = 0732290 Ob32244 299 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT NI STAFF CONTACT Harley Hopkins, Health and Environmental S
17、ciences Department MEMBERS OF THE THE SOIL AND GROUNDWATER TECHNICAL TASK FORCE Skip Chamberland, DOE; Bob Siegrist, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Colorado School of Mines (bioremediation assessment); and Larry Murdoch, Clemson University (hydraulic fracturing). iv STDmAPIIPETRO PUBL DR 225-ENGL 17
18、78 W 0732270 0622245 L25 = Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . ES- 1 I . INTRODUCTION 1 A . Background 1 B . Objectives . 1 D . Overview 2 OVERVIEW OF IN SITU REMEDIATION OF LOW-PERMEABILITY SOIL . 5 III . DESCRIPTION OF THE SARNIA FIELD SITE . 7 A . Overview 7 B . Site Geology . 7 C . Experimenta
19、l Approach 2 II . IV . CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR LNAPL DISTRIBUTION IN A LOW- PERMEABILITY SOIL AND POTENTIAL IMPACT ON GROUNDWATER 11 A . LNAPL Distribution 11 B . Microbiological Activity 13 C . Water Flow . 16 D . Air Flow . 16 PERMEABILITY SOILS 17 VI . EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND TECHNIQUES 19 A . Cell C
20、onstruction . 19 B . Controlled Gasoline Release 19 C . Vapor ExtractiodAir Sparging System 19 1 . Vapor Monitoring and Air Sparging Well Design . 19 2 . Trench Design 23 3 . Vertical Vapor Extraction Well Design . 24 4 . Pumping Equipment 24 D . Soil Vapor Monitoring and Analysis . 27 E . Soil Cori
21、ng and Analysis 27 F . Hydraulic Fracturing . 29 G . Microbiological Sampling and Analysis 29 H . Water Levels Following the Gasoline Release 29 VI1 . DETERMINATION OF AIR PERMEABILITY AND EFFECTIVE POROSITY . 33 VI11 . SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION FROM THE TRENCHES 41 A . Pressure and Air Flow Measurement
22、s 41 B . Hydrocarbon Recovery . 44 1 . Mass Removal in Extracted Vapor 44 2 . Mass Removal in Extracted Water 52 C . Water Levels and Soil Temperatures . 52 V . APPLICATION OF AIR FLUSHING TECHNOLOGIES IN LOW- STD.API/PETRO PUBL DR 225-ENGL 3778 0732290 0b3224b Ob3 m IX . SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION FROM
23、VERTICAL WELLS 59 A . Pressure and Air Flow Measurements 59 B . Hydrocarbon Recovery . 59 AIR SPARGING RESULTS . 71 A . Pressure and Air Flow Measurements 71 B . Hydrocarbon Recovery . 71 XI . EFFECTS OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING . 75 A . Water Removal 75 B . Hydrocarbon Recovery . 79 XII . MASS BALANCE
24、ANALYSIS . 81 A . Soil Core Analyses . 81 1 . Pre-Remediation (July, 1993) Distribution of the Contaminants 81 2 . Post First Season (October, 1993) Distribution of the Contaminants . 81 3 . Pre-Second Season (June, 1994) Distribution ofthe Contaminants 86 4 . Final Soil (June, 1995) Distribution of
25、 the Contaminants . 88 B . Biodegradation Measurements . 98 XII1 . VOLATILIZATION FLUX EXPERIMENTS . 101 XIV . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . 109 XV . REFERENCES 113 APPENDIX A: HYDRAULIC FRACTURING . A-1 APPENDIX B: BIODEGRADATION MEASUREMENTS B-1 APPENDIX C: SOILS DATA . C-1 X . STD-API/PETRO PUBL DR 2
26、25-ENGL 1778 0732270 Ob12247 TT8 D List of Figures Figure 1 . Location of the study site relative to Sarnia, Ontario. . . 8 Figure 2. Schematic drawing of dissolution and diffusion of hydrocarbons in a fractured porous medium ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Figure 3. Estimated percent initial mass remaining in the fractures as a function of time (gasoline release, day O, to start of remediation, day 300) for the base case numerical diffusion model. 15 Figure 4. Schematic drawing of contaminat
28、ion of a sandy aquifer by an overlying fractured clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Figure 5. Schematic plan view of the cell and the extraction trenches. 20 Figure 6. Schematic section view of the release of gasoline into the experimenta
29、l ce11 . 20 Figure 7. Schematic “as built“ diagrams for the a) vapor monitoring and b) sparge points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Figure 8. Plan view of the cell showing the locations of the vapor monitoring and
30、sparge wells. 23 Figure 9. Schematic “as built“ diagrams of the SVE extraction trenches . 25 Figure 1 O. Plan view of the cell showing the locations of the extraction trenches and vertical extraction wells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Figure 11. Block drawin
31、g ofthe analysis system. 28 Figure 12. Cross-section view of the experimental cell showing the locations of the trenches, wells, hydrofracture and the hydrocarbon plume. 30 Figure 13. Plan view of the test cell showing the locations of the sampling trenches and the specific sample locations. . . 3 1
32、 Figure 14. Water table depths measured inside and outside the test cell for the time of release to the initiation of remediation (-10 months). . 32 Figure 15. Plan view of cell showing the locations of the wells used for effective porosity and air permeability tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 4 Figure 16. Schematic drawing of the results of the pneumatic pumping tests, including the general orientation ofthe fracture network 35 Figure 1
34、7. Schematic setup for the effective porosity tracer tests. . 38 Figure 18. Effective porosity tracer test breakthrough curve as a function for volume for the test from P3 to P 1. Area units on the y-axis relate to concentration. 39 Figure 19. Distribution of soil vacuum during extraction with the p
35、ositive displacement (PD) blower from both trenches at 25 scfm. 42 Figure 20. Breakthrough of SF6 injected at point C-9. Each cycle on the x-axis represents 10 minutes. Travel time between the injection well to the trench is interpreted to be 1 hour 5 minutes. . 43 field season. SVE operating condit
36、ions are indicated along the top of the figure. . 45 field season and the SVE conditions. . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Figure 2 1. SVE off-gas concentrations (g/m) of benzene and toluene during the 1993 Figure 22. Cumulative mass of hydrocarbons rec
37、overed (kg) during operation in the 1993 STD-APIIPETRO PUBL DR 225-ENGL II798 D 0732290 ObII2248 734 = Figure 23 . Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 . Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 . Figure 3 1 . Figure 32 . Figure 33 . Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 36 Figure 37 Figure 38 Figure 39 Figure 40 Figu
38、re 41 Figure 42 Figure 43 Figure 44 Figure 45 Figure 46 Figure 47 Figure 48 1 . Mass recovery of isooctane. TCE. toluene and benzene and the SVE operating conditions during the 1993 field season . 48 Fraction of mass recovered for each of the NAPL components in 1993 . 49 Mass ratios of MTBE and isoo
39、ctane to TCE in the offgas and the SVE operating conditions during the 1993 field season 50 Mass ratios of MTBE to isooctane and isooctane to MTBE in the offgas and the SVE operating conditions during the 1993 field season 51 Water levels in monitoring wells MW-1 and MW-2 along with rainfall data du
40、ring the 1 993 field season 54 Water levels in monitoring wells MW-1 and MW-2 during the 1993 field season . 55 a) Mass removed and b) water levels inside the test cell as a function of time during the 1993 field season 56 Water removed during extraction as a function of time during the 1993 field s
41、eason . 57 Soil temperature profiles during the 1993 field season 38 Vacuum distribution during extraction fiom the W-wells using the liquid ring (LR) pump 60 Vacuum distribution during extraction fiom the W-wells using the positive displacement (PD) pump 61 Air flow from the W-wells as determined b
42、y helium tracer tests . 62 Offgas concentrations of TCE, MTBE and isooctane during the 1994 field season . 65 Offgas concentrations of benzene and toluene during the 1994 field season 66 Ratios of offgas concentrations of TCE, benzene and isooctane to toluene measured in the 1994 field season . 67 a
43、) Masses of individual compounds recovered during the 1994 field season, b) Fractions of masses of each compound recovered during the 1994 field season . 68 Total mass of each compound in the spill mix release, removed in 1993 and removed in 1 994 70 Vacuum distribution during extraction from the tr
44、enches using the positive Total hydrocarbon concentrations in the offgas during the 1994 field season 63 Cumulative mass recovered during the 1994 field season 69 displacement (PD) pump while sparging at AS-3 72 SVE offgas concentrations during air sparging as a function of time . 74 Rate of water r
45、ecovery from the trenches and hydrofiacture during the 1994 field season . 76 Cumulative water recovery for the 1 994 field season . 77 Water levels in monitoring wells MW-1 and MW-2 along with rainfall data during the 1994 field season 78 Water levels in MW-2 (inside test cell) and rate of water re
46、covery during the 1994 field season 79 Pre-remediation (July, 1993) hydrocarbon concentrations (mgkg) at 3 fi (90 cm) below ground surface (GRO analysis by Kemron Lab) 82 STD.API/PETRO PUBL DR 225-ENGL 1998 0732290 0612249 870 Figure 49. Figure 50. Figure 5 1. Figure 52. Figure 53. Figure 54. Figure
47、 55. Figure 56. Figure 57. Figure 58. Figure 59. Plan view of the cell showing the locations of the soil cores collected at the close of the 1993 field season. . 83 Post first season (Oct., 1993) hydrocarbon concentrations (mgkg) at 3 ft (90 cm) below ground surface (GRO analysis by Kemron Lab) 84 P
48、re-second season (June, 1994) hydrocarbon concentration (mgkg) at 3 ft (90 cm) below ground surface (GRO analysis by Kemron Lab) . . 87 Scatter plot showing Kemron GRO analyses vs. OGI GCMS totals. . . 89 GCMS-based GRO vertical soil concentration profiles (mgkg) for the north and south trenches. .
49、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 1 Estimated initial mass distribution based on the naphthalene distribution (mgkg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Percent of initial mass remaining in the soil based on estimated initial distribution and the final GCMS soils analysis. 94 Schematic drawing of the a) location and b) dime
