1、I STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4672-ENGL 1SSb 0732290 Ob12449 632 - American Petroleum Institute THE USE OF TREATMENT WETLANDS FOR PETROLEUM INDUSTRY EFFLUENTS HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT PUBLICATION NUMBER 4672 OCTOBER 1998 I I STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b72-ENGL 3998 0732290 0632450 354 m American
2、 Petroleum Institute American Petroleum Inst it u te Environmental, Health, and Safety Mission and Guiding Principles MISSION The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous eforts to improi3e the compatibility of our operations with the enviiunment while economically dev
3、eloping energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consumers. We recognize our responsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural resourccs in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety cf our employe
4、es and the public. To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage our businesses according to the following principles using sound science to prioritize risks and to implement cost-effective rnunagement practices: PRINCIPLES o o To recognize and to respond to community concerns about o
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10、s, petroleum products and wastes. I STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4672-ENGL 1998 0732290 ObL245L 290 The Use of Treatment Wetlands for Petroleum Industry Effluents Health and Environmental Sciences Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4672 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: ROBERT L. KNIGHT ROBERT H. KADLEC HARRY M. OHL
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15、 the publishex Contact the publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N. W, Wmhington, D.C. 20005. Copyright O 1998 American Petroleum institute iii STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4672-ENGL 1998 0732290 Ob12453 Ob3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND E
16、XPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT API STAFF CONTACT Alexis E. Steen, Health and Environmental Sciences Department MEMBERS OF THE BIOMONITORING TASK FORCE Philip Dom, Equilon Enterprise LLC, Chairperson Raymon Arnold, Exxon Biomedical Sciences, Inc. Joel Carpenter, Ammo
17、 EH NADB, 1993). A comprehensive book that builds on the NADB and hundreds of published papers to describe the performance and design of treatment wetland has been published (Kadlec and Knight, 1996). Another ongoing compilation effort is a review of wetlands treating concentrated livestock wastewat
18、ers (CH2M HILL and Payne Engineering, 1997). This has resulted in an electronic database of design and performance information known as the Livestock Wastewater Wetland Database (LWDB). An earlier effort reviewed design and operational data from wetlands receiving wastewaters from the pulp. and pape
19、r industry (CH2M HILL, 1994a). This report continues this synthesis by providing the first review of treatment wetland research and fuil- scale projects in the petroleum industry worldwide. Over the past 10 years, journal articles and symposia proceedings have indicated the petroleum industrys inter
20、est in using constructed wetlands to manage process wastewater and stomwater at a variety of installations, including refmeries, oil and gas weils, and pumping stations. These publications report that constructed wetlands provide water quality benefits when properly designed and maintained. However,
21、 published data have been scarce and unavailable for broad review within or outside of the industry. In 1995, the Biomonitoring Task Force of the American Petroleum Institute (APO funded a review and summary of available (published and company confidential) treatment wetland data from the petroleum
22、industry. The summary was intended to present the information in the much broader context of the role of wetlands for treating wastewaters from other sources. This report presents the results of this review and technology assessment. 1-1 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4672-ENGL 3998 m 0732290 0632466 711 m TABL
23、E 1-1 Tmeline of Selected Events in Treatment Wetland Technology Me Location Description Selected Research Efforts 1952-late 1970s 1 967-1 972 1971 -1 975 1972-1 977 1973-1 974 1973-1 975 1973-1 976 1973-1 977 1974-1 975 1974-1 988 1975-1 977 1976-1 979 1976-1 982 1979-1 982 1979-1 982 1980-1 984 19
24、81 -1 984 1985-1 990 1989-1 995 1 992- 1 994 Plon, Germany Morehead Ci, North Carolina Woods Hole, Massachusetts Houghton Lake, Michigan Dulac, Louisiana Seymour, Wisconsin Brookhaven, New York Gainesville, Florida Brillion, Wisconsin NSTL Station, Mississippi Trenton, New Jersey Eagle Lake, Iowa So
25、utheast Florida Humboldt, Saskatchewan Arcata, California Listowel, Ontario Santee, California Columbus, Mississippi Leaf River, Mississippi Hemet, California Removal of phenols and treatment of dairy wastewater with bulrush plants Constructed estuarine ponds and natural sait marsh for municipal eff
26、luent recycling Potential of natural salt marshes to remove nutrients, heavy metals, and organics Natural wetland treatment of municipal wastewater Discharge of fish processing waste to a freshwater marsh Pollutant removal in constructed marshes planted with bulrush Meadow/marsh/pond systems Cypress
27、 wetlands for recycling of municipal wastewaters Phosphorus removal in constructed and natural marsh wetlands Gravel-based, subsurface flow wetlands tested for recycling municipal wastewaters and prionty pollutants Irrigation of small enclosures in the Hamilton Marshes (freshwater tidal) with treate
28、d sewage Assimilation of agricultural drainage and municipal wastewater nutrients in a natural marsh wetland Nutrient removal in natural marsh wetlands receMng agricultural drainage waters Batch treatment of raw municipal sewage in lagoons and wetland trenches Pilot wetland treatment system for muni
29、cipal wastewater treatment Testing of constructed marsh wetlands for treatment of municipal wastewater under a variety of design and operating conditions Testing of subsurface flow wetlands for treatment of municipal wastewaters Testing of subsurface flow marshes for treatment of pulp mill effluent
30、Testing of surface flow marshes for treatment of pulp mill effluent Testing of surface flow marshes for treatment of reuse wastewater and reject brine 1 -2 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4672-ENGL 1998 0732290 0612467 b58 TABLE 1-1 (CONTINUED) Timeline of Selected Events in Treatment Wetland Technology Date Loc
31、ation Description Selected Full-Scale Projects 1972 1973 1974 1975 1977 1 978 1 979 1979 1984 1 986 1 987 1 987 1987-1 988 1988 1989 1991 1991 1993 1993 Bellaire, Michigan Mt. View, California Othfresen. West Germany Mandan, North Dakota Lake Buena Vista. Florida Houghton Lake, Michigan Drummond, Wi
32、sconsin Show Low, Arizona Incline Village, Nevada Arcata, Caiomia Orlando and Lakeland, Florida Myrtle Beach, South Carolina Benton, Hardin, and Pembroke, Kentucky Orange County, Florida Richmond, Caiomia Columbus, Mississippi Minot, North Dakota Everglades, Florida Beaumont, Texas Natural forested
33、wetland receiving municipal wastewaters Constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment Full-scale reed marsh facii treating municipal wastewater in an old quarry Constructed ponds and marshes to treat runoff and pretreated process wastewater from an oil refinery Use of a natural forested we
34、tland for year-round advanced treatment and disposal of up to 27,700 m3/d of municipal wastewater Natural peatland receiving summer flows of municipal wastewater Sphagnum bog receiving summer flows from a facultative lagoon Constructed wetland ponds for municipal wastewater treatment and wildlife en
35、hancement Constructed wetlands for total assimilation (zero discharge) of municipal effluent Constructed marsh wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment Two large ( 480 ha) constructed wetlands for municipal treatment Natural Carolina bay wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment Constructed wet
36、lands for municipal wastewater treatment designed by the Tennessee Valley Authority Hybrid treatment system combining constructed and natural wetland units Full-scale treatment marshes for petroleum refinery wastewater and stormwater treatment First full-scale constructed wetland for advanced treatm
37、ent of pulp and paper mill wastewater Northern surface flow wetland system (51.2 ha) for municipal treatment during a 180-day discharge season Treatment of phosphorus in agricultural runoff in a 1,380 ha constructed filtering marsh brae 1263 ha) constructed marsh for municiDa1 wastewater plishing an
38、d public use m3/d cubic meters per day ha hectare NSTL National Space Testing Laboratory Source: Adapted from Kadlec and Knight, 1996. 1 -3 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4672-ENGL 3998 O732290 0632468 594 This section provides a general overview of constructed treatment wetlands and their possible importance t
39、o the petroleum industry and suIT1Illilfizes the NADB and other relevant databases. The contents of the rest of the document are summarized as follows: Section 2 provides methods for estimating the water quality enhancement capability of treatment wetlands receiving petroleum industry contaminants.
40、Specific wetland sizing methods are provided for the major pollutants commonly treated in constructed wetlands. When possible, these methods are based on data from petroleum industry wetland systems. Section 3 describes the other important aspects of treatment wetland design, including site selectio
41、n, pretreatment, system sizing, hydraulic design, and vegetation selection. Section 4 describes current information important in operating treatment wetlands. It focuses on minimizing operational requirements and using monitoring to anticipate operational changes. Section 5 discusses treatment wetla
42、nd design considerations related to providing secondary benefits for wildlife enhancement and for public use. It also examines the potential for bioaccumulation of toxics and how nuisance conditions can be avoided in treatment wetlands. Section 6 provides biblographic citations for technical publica
43、tions referenced in preparing this report. The appendices, which appear at the end of this document, include a glossary of important technical terms relating to treatment wetlands and petroleum industry case histories for six pilot and four full-scale projects. Overview of Constructed Treatment Wetl
44、ands Wetlands are ecosystems in areas where water conditions are intermediate between uplands and deep-water aquatic systems. Technical and regulatory definitions of wetlands focus on wetland ecosystems dependence on shallow water conditions, which result in saturated soils, low dissolved oxygen O)
45、levels or anaerobiosis in soils, and colonization by adapted plant and animal communities (Cowardin et al., 1979; Mitsch and Gosselink, 1993). The natural ability of wetland ecosystems to improve water quality has been recognized for more than 25 years. During this period, the use of engineered wetl
46、ands has evolved from a research concept to an accepted pollution control technology. Three general types of shallow vegetated ecosystems are being used for water quality treatment: (1) free water surface (surface flow), (2) subsurface flow (vegetated submerged bed), and (3) floating aquatic piant t
47、reatment systems (Figure 1-1). AU three of these vegetate system types are used in the United States for engineered water quality improvement. EPA has prepared a design manual summarizing early performance information for all three system types PA, 1988a), as well as a subsurface flow technology ass
48、essment PA, 1993a). A technology assessment report focusing only on the free water surface treatment wetland technology is currently in preparation for EPA (CH2M HILL, in preparation). 1-4 STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 4672-ENGL I1998 W 0732290 ObL24b9 420 )ishibution Pipe Outlet Weir / w w w/ / / / / / / / /
49、- low Permeability Soil Free Water Surface (Surface Flow) Distribution Pipe - Gravel or Soil Matrix Vegetated Submerged Bed (Subsurface Flow) )ishibution Pipe Outlet Weir ned Basin Floating Aquatic Plant System FIGURE 1-1 Schematic of Wetland and Floating Aquatic Plant Treatment Systems Source: Adapted from Kadlec and Knight, 1996. Treatment wetiand technology started when natural wetlands were incorporated as components of wastewater treatment systems (Ewe1 and Odum1984; Kadlec and Tilton, 1979). Constructed free water surface treatment wetlands mimic
