1、Recommended Practice for Training and Qualification of Drilling Fluid Technologists API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13L FIRST EDITION, FEBRUARY 2003 REAFFIRMED, OCTOBER 2010Recommended Practice for Training and Qualification of Drilling Fluid Technologists Upstream Segment API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13L FIRS
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13、from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2003 American Petroleum Institute FOREWORDA professional discipline of Petroleum Engineer is divided into sub-disciplines in which technical expertise is required. One of the sub
14、-disciplines deals with uids that are essential to the operation of many exploration and production petroleum and natural gas operations and include: Drilling uids; Completion uids; Solids control; Cementing; Stimulation. These technologies are similar in that they combine the need for both engineer
15、ing and chemistry knowledge and skills. These specialized operations may not be covered in depth by colleges and universities that have petroleum engineering curricula. The knowledge is gained by on-the-job training. In addition, these operations do not necessarily require an engineering or scientic
16、 degree, or even an academic degree at all. By a combination of for- mal training and practical experience, and in some cases the use of intuitive and common sense skills, individuals have become recognized experts in developing and applying these technologies in eld applications. As there is not a
17、clear denition of minimum competency for the drilling uids technolo- gist professions, API Committee 3, Subcommittee 13, Drilling and Completions Fluid, for- mulated an objective to establish criteria for minimum competency for eld drilling uids technologists. This was done by developing a two dimen
18、sional matrix of breadth and depth statements to be met by a technologist immediately after successfully completing a basic drilling uids training course. The breadth-depth format is similar to current efforts by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveyors (NCEES) to improve the
19、sta- tistical validity of its certication exams. This standard is not intended to establish certica- tion procedures for drilling uids personnel, but is to be used for general guidance in evaluating training processes and evaluating the professional acceptability of drilling uid technologists. API p
20、ublications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly discl
21、aims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conict. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the standardization manager, American Petroleum Instit
22、ute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.iii CONTENTSPage1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 TERMS, DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3.1 Terms and Denitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3.2 Abbreviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 PRINCIPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5.1 Origins of Disciplines and Sub-disciplines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5.2 Basic Industry Standards Used for Generic Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5.3 Sub-disciplineGeneral Information . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5.4 Sub-disciplineDrilling Fluid Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5.5 Sub-disciplineDrilling Fluid Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5.6 Sub-disciplineNon-aqueous Drilling Fluids
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5.7 Sub-disciplineFluid Formulations and Additives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.8 Sub-disciplineLogistics and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Appendices Appendix A . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Tables 1 General Information of Tasks and Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 Drilling Fluid Chemistry Tasks and Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 Drilling Fluid Engineering Tasks and Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 Non-aqueous Drilling Fluids Tasks and Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 Fluid Formulations and Additives Tasks and Skills . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6 Logistics and Maintenance Tasks and Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5v 1Recommended Practice for Training and Qualication of Drilling Fluid Technologists1 ScopeThis standard is a written summary of basic training and knowl
31、edge that an employee or contractor shall possess to be identied as a drilling uids technologist. Levels of under- standing have been generally outlined, but not totally dened.2 ReferencesAPI Spec 13ADrilling Fluid MaterialsRP 13B-1Standard Procedure for Field Testing Water-Based Drilling FluidsRP 1
32、3B-2Standard Procedure for Field Testing Oil- Based Drilling FluidsISO 13500 Petroleum and natural gas industries Drilling fluid materialsSpecifications and tests10414-1 Petroleum and natural gas industries Field Testing of Drilling FluidsPart 1: Water-based fluids10414-2 Petroleum and natural gas i
33、ndustries Field Testing of Drilling FluidsPart 2: Oil-based fluids3 Terms, Denitions and Abbreviations3.1 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 3.1.1 breadth:The basic knowledge common to all areas of drilling uids technology needed by all drilling uids tech- nologists to demonstrate minimum competency.3.1.2 depth:
34、 The knowledge acquired by all drilling uids technologists following 4 6 years of practical experience.3.1.3 drilling uids engineer:A drilling uids technol- ogist with an engineering degree from an accredited university.3.1.4 drilling uids technician:An individual skilled in the art of testing drill
35、ing uids in the eld or the laboratory.3.1.5 drilling uids technologist: Individual with spe- cialized knowledge of the application of drilling uids during the drilling operation.3.1.6 senior drilling uids technologist/engineer:A drilling uid technologist or engineer who by training and experience ha
36、s advanced knowledge of drilling uids, drilling uid chemistry, and their varied applications.3.2 ABBREVIATIONAPI American Petroleum Institute HTHP High temperature, high pressure MBT Methylene blue test PV Plastic viscosity in cP (1 cP = 1 mPa*s) YP Yield point in Pa4 PrincipleThis document is a rec
37、ommended practice (RP) and seeks to formalize the specic knowledge base, professional skills, and application skills needed to ensure the competency and professionalism of individuals working in the drilling uids industry. Drilling uids technologists should use this RP as an outline to self-determin
38、e any gaps in learning and seek to improve their skills. A company contracting the service of a drilling uids technologist should use this recommended practice as a checklist of knowledge that a technologist should be able to demonstrate prociency in applying.5 Procedure5.1 ORIGINS OF DISCIPLINES AN
39、D SUB- DISCIPLINESThe drilling uids disciplines and sub-disciplines were developed from a review of the typical curricula followed by drilling uids service companies in their basic mud school. The topics as listed in Appendix A were used as a framework for developing the guidelines that form the nor
40、mative portion of this standard. Each sub-discipline was divided into appro- priate tasks and those tasks were assigned breath of knowl- edge statements needed to obtain minimum competency. The drilling uid technologist discipline is broken into six sub- disciplines and each sub-discipline is descri
41、bed by tasks and specic skills to demonstrate prociency and knowledge in that task. For ease of reading, the tasks and skill set are placed in a table format.5.2 BASIC INDUSTRY STANDARDS USED FOR GENERIC INFORMATIONAPI Spec 13A and ISO 13500, Specifications for Drilling Fluid Materials,provide speci
42、cations for drilling uid mate- rial. Two documents cover the eld testing procedures for tests included on the drilling mud report form. These are API RP 13B-1 or ISO 10414-1, Standard Procedure for Field Testing of Water-based Drilling Fluids, and API RP 13B-2 or ISO 10414, Standard Procedure for Fi
43、eld Testing of Oil- based Drilling Fluids. 2 API RECOMMENDEDPRACTICE13L5.3 SUB-DISCIPLINEGENERAL INFORMATION 5.4 SUB-DISCIPLINEDRILLING FLUID CHEMISTRYTable 1General Information of Tasks and SkillsTASK SKILLS Rotary drilling operations Name the parts of a rotary drilling rig. Describe the components
44、 of a rotary drilling circulating system. Describe the rotary drilling process. Describe the functions of rig crew and supervisory personnel. Drilling uid functions List the functions of drilling uids. Drilling uids properties List the commonly used drilling uid properties. Match each mud property t
45、o related function. Drilling uids testing List each commonly used drilling uid test and its units. Relate each drilling uid test to the appropriate property or function. Perform the recommended API drilling uids tests according to the appropriate API RP satisfacto- rily. Completely ll out the API Mu
46、d Report Form for water- and oil-based muds. Drilling uids composition List the types of drilling uids by base uids. List the components of typical drilling uid systems. Identify the function of each component in a drilling uid system. Match drilling uid systems to specic applications.Table 2Drillin
47、g Fluid Chemistry Tasks and SkillsTASK SKILLS Water and base uid chemistry Identify chemical properties and relate them to a drilling uids performance. Describe the API tests for chemical properties. List the basic physical properties of common base uids specied for drilling uid use. Weight material
48、 List commonly used weight materials. Give chemical and physical behavior of each weight material. List API specications for weight materials. Clay chemistry List types of clays used in drilling uids. Describe chemical and physical behavior of each clay. Identify the commonly occurring clay associat
49、ion states found in drilling uids. Filtrate chemistry Dene alkalinity, salinity and hardness. List the typical ions associated with each of these types of ltrate components. Relate each ltrate component to its possible effects on drilling uid performance. Calculate the quantitative amounts of each component from ltrate titration numbers. Contamination List the common drilling uid contaminants. Identify the effects on vario
