1、Recommended Practice for Oil and Gas Producing and Gas Processing Plant Operations Involving Hydrogen SulfideAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 55SECOND EDITION, FEBRUARY 1995REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2013Recommended Practice for Oil and Gas Producing and Gas Processing Plant Operations Involving Hydrogen SulfideUp
2、stream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 55SECOND EDITION, FEBRUARY 1995REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2013API RP*55 95 E! 0732290 0543084 846 SPECIAL NOTES API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to par- ticular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulation
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12、ublished to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer- ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API stand
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14、represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod- ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard. Copyright 0 1994 American Petroleum Institute API RP*55 95 I 0732290 0543085 782 W CONTENTS me O INTRODUCTION . 1 1 SCOPE . 1 2 REFERENCES 1 2.1 Standards 1 2.2 Regulations . 2 . 2.3 Other Refere
15、nces 3 2.4 Bibliography 3 2.5 Acronyms and Abbreviations . 4 3 DEFINITIONS 3.1 Acceptable Ceiling Concentration 3.2 Breathing Zone . 3.3 Continuous Hydrogen Sulfide Monitoring Equipment 3.4 Emergency Response Planning Guide-Level 2 (ERPG-2) 3.5 Enclosed Facility 3.6 Essential Personnel 3.7 Gas Detec
16、tion Instrument 3.8 Hydrogen Sulfide . 3.9 Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) 3.10 Inadequately Ventilated 3.1 1 Length-of-stain Detector 3.12 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) 3.13 Shall . 3.1 4 Shelter-in-place 3.15 Should 3.16 Sulfur Dioxide 3.17 Threshold Limit Value (TLV) 4 APPLICAB
17、ILITY . 4.1 Personnel and Equipment Protection . 4.2 Legal Requirements . 4.3 Hazard Communication (Worker Right-to-know) . 4.4 Comprehensive Environmental Response. Compensation. and Liability Act (CERCLA) and Superfund Amendments und Reauthorization Act (SARA) itle III (Emergency Planning and Comm
18、unity Right-to-know 4.5 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) . 5 PERSONNEL TRAINING . 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Minimum Training . 5.3 Additional Training for Onsite Supervisory Personnel 5.4 Refresher Training . 5.5 Training Visitors and Other Non-regularly Assigned Personnel . 5
19、.6 Hydrogen Sulfide Safety Instruct0 rs 5.7 Safety Review 5.8 Supplemental Training . 5.9 Records 5.1 O Other Personnel Considerations . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 iii API RP*55 95 W 0732290 0543086 619 5.10.1 Enclosed Facilities and Confined Space Entry 8
20、5.10.3 Perforated Eardrums . 8 6 PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT . 8 6.1 Introduction 8 6.2 Stationary Hydrogen Sulfide Monitoring Systems 8 6.3 Portable Detection Equipment . 9 6.4 Breathing (Respiratory Protection) Equipment . 9 6.4.2 Face Piece Restrictions 10 6.4.3 Air Supply . 10 6.4.4 Compresso
21、rs 10 6.4.5 Breathing Equipment Use . 10 6.5 Standby Rescue Personnel . 10 6.6 Rescue Equipment . 10 6.7 Wind Direction Indicators 10 6.8 Warning Signs 11 7 CONTINGENCY PLANNING INCLUDING EMERGENCY PROCEDURES 11 7.2 Scope . 11 7.3 Availability of Plan 11 7.5 Responsibilities of Personnel . 11 7.6 Im
22、mediate Action Plan 12 7.7 Emergency Telephone Lists . 12 5.10.2 Respiratory Problems . 8 6.4.1 Storage and Maintenance . 9 7.1 Introduction 11 7.4 Pian Information 11 7.8 Training and Drills . 12 7.9 Updating Provisions . 13 8 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES . 13 8.1 Design Guidelines 13 8.1.1 Pr
23、ocess and Mechanical Considerations . 13 8.1.2 Design Considerations . 13 8.1.3 Materials Considerations . 13 8.1.4 Materials Selection 13 8.1.5 Site Selection 1 14 8.2 Construction Guidelines . 14 8.2.1 Fabrication and Joining System Components . 14 8.2.2 Qualification of Personnel . 14 8.2.3 Handl
24、ing and Storage of Equipment . 14 8.1.6 Warning Method 14 8.2.4 Inspection 14 8.2.5 Repairs . 14 8.3 Electrical Design Considerations . 14 9.1 Introduction 15 9.3 Test Procedures 15 9.4 Safe Work Practices . 15 9.5 Leak Detection . 15 9.6 Safe Work Permits . 15 9.7 Valves, Connections, and Gauges 15
25、 9.8 Artificial Lift Wells 15 9 OPERATING PRACTICES 15 9.2 Emergency Procedures . 15 API RP*55 95 B 0732290 0543087 555 B 9.9 Flowing Wells 9.1 O Flow/Gathering Lines 9.1 1 Pressure Vessels . 9 .i 2 Pressure Relief and Normally Venting Devices . 9.13 Storage Tanks . 9.14 Hare Systems . 9.15 Monitori
26、ng Equipment-Maintenance, Testing. and Calibration 9 .i 6 Corrosion Monitoring 9 .i 7 9.18 Enclosed Facility Entry i . 9.19 Iron Sulfide Precautions . 9.20 Drilling Operations 9.21 9.23 Well Abandonment Confined Space Entry Safety Precautions for Sampling and Tank Gauging Operations . 9.22 Facilitie
27、s Abandonment-Surface Equipment . 9.24 Contingency Plan Revisions 1 O GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF CONTINUOUS HYDROGEN SULFIDE MONITORING EQUIPMENT . 10.1 Introduction 10.2 General . 10.3 Construction Characteristics 1 0.3.1 Portability 10.3.2 Power Supply, Portable Monitoring Equipmen
28、t 10.3.3 Readout . 10.3.4 Recorder Output 10.3.6 Instruction Manuals . 10.3.7 Electrical Approval 10.3.8 Ruggedness . 10.3.9 Calibration Equipment 10.3.1 O Zero and Span Adjustments 10.3.11 Alarm Systems 10.3.12 Testing Alarm Circuity 10.3.13 Remote Sampling 10.3.14 Equipment Trouble (Malfuction) Al
29、arm . 10.3.15 Detection Range Indication . 10.4 Performance Guidelines . i 0.4.1 Accuracy 10.4.2 Zero Drift 10.4.3 Warm-up Time 10.4.4 Response Time 10.4.5 Operating Humidity Range . 10.4.6 Operating Temperature Range 10.4.7 Interferences 10.4.8 Functional Field Test . 10.4.9 Air Velocity . 10.3.5 S
30、implicity of Operation . 10.4.10 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) . 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 1 i OFFSHORE OPERATIONS . 20 11.1 Introduction 20 11.2 Uniqueness of Offshore Operations . 2
31、0 i 1.3 Federal Regulatory Requirements 20 1 1.4 Contingency Planning 20 V API RP*55 95 E O732290 0543088 491 1 1.5 Simultaneous Operations . 20 12 OPERATIONS INVOLVING ENCLOSED FACILITIES 20 12.1 Introduction 20 12.2 Uniqueness of Operations Involving Enclosed Facilities . 20 12.3 Design Considerat
32、ion . 21 12.4 Fixed Hydrogen Sulfide Monitoring Systems . 21 12.5 Personnel Protection Techniques . 12.6 Warning Signs 22 13 GAS PROCESSING PLANT OPERATIONS 22 13.1 Introduction 22 13.2 General Considerations 22 13.3 Gas Conditioning Facilities 22 13.4 Materials of Construction 22 13.5 Corrosion Mon
33、itoring 22 13.6 Leak Detection . 22 13.7 Contingency Planning 23 21 APPENDIX A-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE . 25 APPENDIX B-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE 29 HYDROGEN SULFIDE . 31 APPENDIX C-A SCREENING APPROACH TO DISPERSION OF A
34、PPENDIX D-DEFINITION OF A SOUR ENVIRONMENT 39 Figures C-1-Radius of Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure Continuous Daytime Hydrogen Sulfide Releases . 32 C-2-Radius of Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure Continuous Nighttime Hydrogen Sulfide Releases . 32 C-Radius of Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure Instantaneous Daytime Hydr
35、ogen Sulfide Releases . 33 C- 2) that may be impractical under certain circumstances; or 3) that may be unnecessary under certain circumstances. Suggested revisions to these recommended practices are invited and should be submitted in writing to: Director, Exploration Safety Requirements for Drillin
36、g Operations in a Hy- drogen Sulfide Environment, Outer Continental Shelf. (February 1976). 11Petroleum Association for Conservation of the Canadian Environment, 12002-275 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada LIFSH9. ZBureau of Mines, U.S. Department of Interior, available from U.S. Gov- ernment P
37、nnting office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Woast Guard, US. Department of Transportation, available from U.S. Government Printing office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 14U.S. Department of Transportation, available from U.S. Government Ainting office, Washington, D.C. 20402. lsMinerals Management Service, U.S
38、. Department of Intenor. 381 Elden Swt, Hemdon, VA 22070-4817. Available from U.S. Government Rinting office. Washington, D.C. 20402. API RP*55 95 0732290 0543092 912 RECOMMENDED PRACTICES FOR OIL AND GAS PRODUCING AND GAS PROCESSING PLANT OPERATIONS INVOLVING HYDROGEN SULFIDE 3 45. OSHA16 46. 47. 4
39、8. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 47 FR 28888, July 1,1982 29 CFR Part 1910.38 29 CFR Part 1910.1 19 29 CFR Part 1910.120 54 FR Pari 9294, March 6,1989 29 CFR Part 191 o. 134 29 CFR Part 191 0.1 46 29 CFR Part 191 0.1 O00 54 FR 2332, January 19,1989 58 FR 35338, June 30,1993 29 CFR Part 1910. i 200 Saf
40、ety Requirements for Drilling Operations in a Hy- drogen Sulfide Environment, Outer Continental She amended by CPL 2-20A CH-1, October 29,1984. 3.3 continuous hydrogen sulfide monitoring equip- ment: Equipment capable of continuously measuring and displaying the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in
41、ambient air. 3.4 emergency response planning guide-level 2: (ERPG-2). The maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed that nearly all individuals could be ex- posed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could
42、 impair an individuals ability to take protective actions. Refer to Technical Guidance for Hazards Analysis; Emer- gency Planning for Extremely Hazardous Substances. 3.5 enclosed facility: A three-dimensional space enclosed by more than two-thirds (*/3) of the possible projected plane surface and of
43、 sufficient size to allow the entry of personnel. For a typical building, this would require that more than two- thirds of the walls, ceiling, and floor be present. Refer to API Recommended Practice SOO. 3.6 essential personnel: Those individuals required to API RP*55 95 I O732290 0543094 775 = RECO
44、MMENDED PRACTICES FOR OIL AND GAS PRODUCING AND GAS PROCESSING PLANT OPERATIONS INVOLVING HYDROGEN SULFIDE 5 provide proper and prudent safe operations activities and those required to effect control of the hazardous hydrogen sulfide or sulfur dioxide conditions. 3.7 gas detection instrument: An ass
45、embly of electrical, mechanical, and chemical components designed to sense and respond continuously to the presence of chemical gases in at- mospheric mixtures. 3.8 hydrogen sulfide: Chemical formula is H,S. A flammable, toxic gas that is heavier than air and sometimes found in fluids encountered in
46、 oil and gas producing and gas processing operations. Inhalation at certain concentrations can lead to injury or death. Refer to Appendix A. 3.9 immediately dangerous to life and health: (IDLH). An atmospheric concentration of any toxic, corrosive, or as- phyxiant substance that poses an immediate t
47、hreat to life or would cause irreversible or delayed adverse health effects or would interfere with an individuals ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere. The National Institute for Occupa- tional Safety 2) that may be impractical under certain circumstances: or 3) that may be unnecessary und
48、er certain circumstances. 3.16 sulfur dioxide: Chemical formula is SO,. A toxic product of .combustion of hydrogen sulfide. This gas is heav- ier than air. Inhalation at certain concentrations can lead to injury or death. Refer to Appendix B. 3.17 threshold limit value: (TLV). The maximum air- borne
49、 concentration of a substance to which, it is believed that, nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse effects, as determined by the responsi- ble committees of the American Conference of Governmen- tal Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Refer to “Threshold Limit Values and Biological Indices. “Tiv” is a trademarked term of ACGIH. TLVs are subject to change and users should check the latest edition of the forestated reference. 4 Applicability 4.1 PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT PROTECTION In oil and gas producing operations and gas processing plant operations, seve
