1、ACI 121R-08Reported by ACI Committee 121Guide for Concrete ConstructionQuality Systems in Conformancewith ISO 9001Guide for Concrete ConstructionQuality Systems in Conformance with ISO 9001First PrintingJuly 2008ISBN 978-0-87031-282-3American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyright b
2、y the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This materialmay not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or otherdistribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible
3、for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities,omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionallyfind information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may beincomplete or incorrect. Users
4、 who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents arerequested to contact ACI. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata atwww.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who
5、 are competent to evaluate thesignificance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for theapplication of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk andaccept total responsibility for the application and use
6、of this information.All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied,including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose ornon-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for
7、damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental,or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may resultfrom the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appr
8、opriate tothe specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard tohealth and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of allregulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicab
9、le laws and regulations,including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) healthand safety standards.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronicsubscription, or reprint and may be obtained by conta
10、cting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 121R-08 supersedes ACI 121R
11、-04 and was adopted and published July 2008.Copyright 2008, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or re
12、cording for sound or visual reproductionor for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writingis obtained from the copyright proprietors.121R-1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, StandardPractices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance inplanning, designing,
13、 executing, and inspecting construction.This document is intended for the use of individuals who arecompetent to evaluate the significance and limitations of itscontent and recommendations and who will acceptresponsibility for the application of the material it contains.The American Concrete Institu
14、te disclaims any and allresponsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall notbe liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the cont
15、ract documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.Guide for Concrete ConstructionQuality Systems in Conformance with ISO 9001Reported by ACI Committee 121ACI 121R-08ACI Committee 121 developed this manual to provide ISO 9001:2000-based quality man
16、agement system requirements and guidance to theconcrete construction industry. Discussion is offered for each clause of theISO 9001:2000, providing advice and construction-specific informationthat can be used as a reference to either produce a new quality managementsystem compliant with ISO 9001:200
17、0, or to upgrade an ISO 9001:1994 orother quality management system to meet the ISO 9001:2000 requirements.Appendix A, “Model Quality Management System Manual for Designers,Construction Managers, and Constructors,” is based on the “NYC MTABridges and Tunnels, Engineering and Construction Department,
18、” and isrecommended for use as a template for any company beginning to write aquality manual.Keywords: quality assurance; quality control; procedures.CONTENTSForeword, p. 121R-2Introduction, p. 121R-30.1General0.2Process approach0.3Relationship with ISO 90040.4Compatibility with other management sys
19、temsQUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: REQUIREMENTSSection 1Scope, p. 121R-51.1General1.2ApplicationSection 2Normative (standard) reference,p. 121R-5Section 3Terms and definitions, p. 121R-5Section 4Quality management system, p. 121R-54.1General requirements4.2Documentation requirementsGodwin Q. Amekuedi T
20、homas M. Greene Anand S. Mehta Roger D. TateCasimir Bognacki Michael C. Jaycox Oon-Soo Ooi James R. Turnham*Martin Brugger H. P. Errol Lim Ryan K. Riehle*Woodward L. VogtMartin J. Fradua Stephen Marchese Johan C. F. Schor*Paul Zoltanetzky, Jr.Alejandro Graf*Subcommittee members who prepared this rep
21、ort.Additional recognition to C. Raymond Hays, who led the subcommittee that developed this document, Lawrence G. Mrazek, who actively participated, and Anthony R.Ameruso, posthumously, for his work on the committee.Paul HedliChairJon B. ArdahlVice ChairThomas G. Tyler*Secretary121R-2 ACI COMMITTEE
22、REPORTSection 5Management responsibility, p. 121R-85.1Management commitment5.2Customer focus5.3Quality policy5.4Planning5.5Responsibility, authority, and communication5.6Management reviewSection 6Resource management, p. 121R-106.1Provision of resources6.2Human resources6.3Infrastructure6.4Work envir
23、onmentSection 7Product realization, p. 121R-117.1Planning of product realization7.2Customer-related processes7.3Design and development7.4Purchasing7.5Production and service provision7.6Control of monitoring and measuring devicesSection 8Measurement, analysis, and improvement, p. 121R-168.1General8.2
24、Monitoring and measurement8.3Control of nonconforming product8.4Analysis of data8.5ImprovementReferences, p. 121R-18Appendix A, Model Quality Management System Manual for Designers, Construction Managers, and Constructors, p. 121R-19FOREWORDThis manual has been developed to address qualitymanagement
25、 for design and construction, with particularemphasis on concrete construction. It is based on the require-ments of the ISO 9001:2000, “Quality Management SystemsRequirements,” which is referred to herein as ISO 9001:2000or the “Standard.”As an internal advantage, basing the quality managementsystem
26、 on the Standard brings the concept of processmanagement to the forefront of an organization. Rather thanusing the production control methods as an end in themselves,the organization uses them as tools and measures of processeffectiveness, aids to continual improvement, elements ofemployee involveme
27、nt, and indicators of customer satisfaction.As an external advantage, the ISO 9001:2000 has inter-national recognition. Compliance with the Standard hasbecome a necessity for conducting business internationallyand, more recently, in the United States. Because it placesthe responsibility for quality
28、management on the vendor,those in compliance are seen as well-managed organizationswith methods of quality management that can be assessedagainst a recognized standard. International and U.S.government agencies and private companies are requiringInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO)co
29、mpliance or sometimes registration to conform to contractrequirements or to become a preferred vendor.Review of this publication and assessment of an organiza-tions quality management system may indicate that many ofthe requirements of the Standard are already in place. Therefore,the objective shoul
30、d not be to reinvent the organizationsquality management system in the image of the Standard, butrather to conduct a gap analysis to determine where complianceis already in place and in what areas it is weak or lacking.ISO historyIn the 1920s, statistical theory began to take shape and thefirst cont
31、rol chart was developed by Walter Shewart at BellLabs for use in production. It was the first use of a formalizedquality control technique. Out of this grew an approach tomanufacturing that expanded after World War II. Inspectorshad been a specialized function in production facilities sinceWorld War
32、 I, but the emphasis was on avoidance of thedefects without a statistical basis.In the 1950s, W. Edward Deming and Joseph Juran wereinvited to Japan by General McArthur to bring new life to adamaged industry by teaching a total management approachto production. By the beginning of the 1960s, the phr
33、ase“made in Japan” took on a new meaning, and the West beganto follow suit.Throughout the 1950s, manufacturing developed in theWest without a formal quality management standard. In 1959,the United States developed MIL-Q-9858, “Quality ProgramRequirements,” for military procurement (U.S. Department o
34、fDefense 1959). Following this, NASA developed “QualitySystem Provisions for Space System Contractors” (NPC200-2) in 1962, and NATO adopted the Allied QualityAssurance Publications for procurement of equipment in1968 (NATO 1968).Throughout the 1960s, various systems of quality assurancewere required
35、 of the manufacturers in the United Kingdomand Canada. In 1971, to standardize the systems, the BritishStandards Institute (BSI) published the first UK standard forquality assurance. This was followed in 1974 by BS 5179(British Standards Institute 1974). These publications placedthe responsibility o
36、f quality management in the hands of thethird-party inspection.In 1979, after meetings and agreements with key industrybodies, the British Standards Institute published BS 5750.Key industry bodies agreed to drop their own standards anduse BS 5750 as a common contractual document. Processimprovement
37、was not addressed; only production controlwas addressed. The requirements were enforced by audit.The BS 5750 carried the core 20 elements that would formthe backbone of ISO 9000:1987, and were continued into theISO 9000:1994 series.ISO was originally created in 1947 to facilitate worldtrade. Its emp
38、hasis up to the late 1970s had been on technicalstandards, engineering practices, and manufacturing. Thedevelopment of quality management and increasing inter-national trade led to the need for an international standard,which was pursued by ISO Committee TC176.CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION QUALITY SYSTEMS I
39、N CONFORMANCE WITH ISO 9001 121R-3The result was that BS 5750 was adopted by ISO in 1987as ISO 9000:1987. It carried the 20 core elements found inthe BS 5750, and was enhanced with information from otherdocuments in use around the world. It addressed qualitysystems for service industries, though the
40、 emphasis was stillheavily on the manufacturing sector, which was the focus ofBS 5750. In spite of attempts to focus on managementprocesses, the emphasis was mainly on conformance alone.In 1994, the Standard was again revised as the ISO 9000:1994series. The emphasis was shifted toward preventive act
41、ion,but continued to require documented procedures. Thisinclined organizations to create a system of proceduralmanuals, but without emphasis on improvement of processes.The ISO 9001:2000 places the focus on processes andtheir interaction. The format has been changed, but theobjectives have not. Asid
42、e from the addition of continualimprovement and customer satisfaction, the goals remain thesame. The focus on written procedures is reduced, as long asclear evidence (metrics) can be shown that the process isworking. Controls to production, which once served asdocumentation of compliance, are now in
43、dicators forperformance and tools for improvements. Audits are notintended to measure compliance alone. They are used to seeif the process will attain the goals.ACI Publication 121 historyACI Committee 121 was founded in 1977 with the intentof developing an overall quality standard for the concretec
44、onstruction industry. With the rise of the nuclear powerindustry, members within ACI believed a quality managementstandard for concrete work was in order to provide a frameworkfor the quality activities necessary to deliver a project. Theoriginal ACI 121 document, published as ACI 121R-85(ACI Commit
45、tee 121 1985), was based on current ANSIstandards for nuclear power plants and the Military StandardMIL-Q-9858A (U.S. Department of Defense 1963). Itproposed basic definitions, activities, records, andresponsibilities. It was the first ACI document thataddressed overall quality management.The docume
46、nt was revised in 1998, and ACI 121R-98(ACI Committee 121 1998) was modeled after the ISO9004:1994. It was expanded to incorporate 18 of the 20elements found in the ISO 9004:1994 and addressed themusing much of the information presented in the original docu-ment in addition to some new text and tabl
47、es. The emphasisagain was on the steps to set up a quality management systemfor a concrete construction project and assign responsibilities.In 2004, the ACI 121 document was again revised, but wasstill based on the ISO 9001:1994 standard. With the adventof ISO 9001:2000, the definitions and intent o
48、f ACI 121R-04(ACI Committee 121 2004) had to be modified. Additionally,the increase in project delivery by the design-build method,which often specifies the ISO 9001:2000 system, hasoutdated ACI 121R-04.ACI 121R-08 is based on ISO 9001:2000. The languagehas been generalized to suit the myriad of con
49、tractualarrangements found in the present market, and examplesfrom concrete construction are provided. An appendix hasbeen added to provide a template to creating a qualitymanual following ISO 9001:2000.For ACI 121R-08, the transition to the ISO 9001:2000represents a shift in focus to a process approach for qualitymanagement, placing the emphasis on continual improve-ment rather than on avoidance of nonconformity alone.9000 series explainedThe following documents comprise the ISO 9000:2000series:ISO 9001:2000: American National Standard “QualityManage
