1、Guide for Structural Maintenance of Parking StructuresReported by ACI Committee 362ACI 362.2R-00 (Reapproved 2013)First PrintingJune 2000Guide for Structural Maintenance of Parking StructuresCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may no
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11、ce (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgISBN 978-0-87031-357-8American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeACI 362.2R-00 became effective June 2, 2000.Copyright 2000, American Concrete I
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15、 be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in con-tract documents. If items found in this document are de-sired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contractdocuments, they shall be restated in mandatory languagefor incorporation by the
16、Architect/Engineer.362.2R-1Guide for Structural Maintenance ofParking StructuresACI 362.2R-00 (Reapproved 2013)This guide is intended to assist parking structure owners, operators, andthe consultants who advise them in developing preventive maintenanceprograms for parking structures. It presents typ
17、ical maintenance concernsand suggests ways of addressing them.The guide summarizes information regarding structural, operational,aesthetic, and routine maintenance for parking structures. Design sugges-tions to minimize maintenance are also included. A structural maintenancechecklist of specific rec
18、ommended tasks and references to other publica-tions with information related to the structural maintenance of parkingstructures is included.See ACI 362.1R for more complete information regarding design issuesrelated to a parking structures performance.Keywords: concrete durability; condition apprai
19、sal; construction joints;contraction joints; corrosion; cracking; expansion joints; isolation joints;leakage; maintenance; membrane; parking structure; post-tensioning; pre-cast; prestressed; ramp; scaling; sealant; sealer; snow removal; spalling.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction, p. 362.2R-2Chapter 2De
20、veloping a maintenance program,p. 362.2R-22.1The project maintenance manual2.2Periodic inspections2.3Preventive maintenance2.4Conditional appraisalsChapter 3Deterioration problems associated with parking structures, p. 362.2R-33.1Concrete-related deterioration3.1.1Scaling3.1.2Corrosion3.1.3Delaminat
21、ions3.1.4Spalling3.1.5Cracking3.1.6Leaking3.1.7Leaching3.2 Sealants and waterproofing3.2.1Contraction and construction joint sealants3.2.2Seals for isolation joints and expansion joints3.2.3Concrete sealers3.2.4Elastomeric, traffic-bearing membranes3.3Structural elements and related items3.3.1Concre
22、te deck surface3.3.2Beams, columns, and wallsReported by ACI Committee 362James C. AndersonKeith W. Jacobson*Carl A. Peterson*Ralph T. Brown Norman G. Jacobson, Jr. Suresh G. PinjarkarGirdhari L. Chhabra Howard R. May Predrag L. PopovicAnthony P. Chrest*Gerald J. McGuireH. Carl Walker*Jo Coke Martin
23、 B. Mikula Steward C. WatsonThomas J. DArcy*David C. Monroe Bertold E. WeinbergBoris Dragunsky Thomas E. Nehil*Denotes members of subcommittee who prepared the document.Subcommittee chairman.Thomas G. Weil*ChairmanThomas J. Downs*Secretary362.2R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT3.3.3Stair and elevator towers3.
24、3.4Exposed metalsChapter 4General maintenance considerations, p. 362.2R-94.1Housekeeping and cleaning requirements4.2Snow removal and ice control4.3Other operational maintenance4.4Aesthetic-related maintenance4.5Precast/prestressed concrete4.6Post-tensioned concrete4.7Cast-in-place, conventionally r
25、einforced-concretestructuresChapter 5Parking facility structural maintenance tasks and frequencies, p. 362.2R-11Chapter 6References, p. 362.2R-116.1Referenced standards and reports6.2Cited referencesAppendix ASnow removal, p. 362.2R-12Appendix BDeicing procedures, p. 362.2R-13Appendix CChecklist for
26、 structural inspection of parking structures, p. 362.2R-13CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONAll parking structures require regular maintenance to pro-vide a satisfactory level of service and meet service-life ex-pectations without premature deterioration, undue repairexpense, interrupted service, inconvenience t
27、o patrons, orloss of cash flow. Parking structures can develop more dis-tress and deterioration than most types of buildings becauseof their direct exposure to traffic, weather, deicing chemi-cals, and snowplows. Poor maintenance increases the likeli-hood of distress and deterioration and is a poten
28、tial cause fordamage to vehicles and personal injury. A maintenance pro-gram includes timely preventive actions to reduce systemfailure and premature deterioration, which can reduce theneed for significant and expensive repairs. This guide is in-tended for owners, operators, and consultants for park
29、ingstructures who seek advice on developing and implementinga maintenance program.This guide emphasizes the maintenance of structural com-ponents to reduce risks associated with structural deteriora-tion. The types and frequency of maintenance required for astructure are directly related to the dura
30、bility features incor-porated into the structure during design and construction.Deterioration problems associated with parking structuresare discussed in Chapter 3. Operational maintenance, house-keeping, and aesthetic maintenance are discussed in Chapter4. Chapter 5 provides a checklist for mainten
31、ance tasks andrecommended frequencies. Appendices A and B contain in-formation about snowplowing and deicing procedures. Ap-pendix C also contains a worksheet for making a visualinspection. Different types of structural systems can developdifferent types of deterioration-related problems. ACI362.1R
32、contains discussion of durability considerations forparking structures. An understanding of these issues willprove helpful in developing an appropriate maintenance pro-gram. Refer also to Sound Maintenance Extends Life Spansof Parking Facilities, by Bhuyan.CHAPTER 2DEVELOPING A MAINTENANCE PROGRAM2.
33、1The project maintenance manualFor many projects, a maintenance manual is developed atthe completion of construction as part of the close-out pro-cess. The manual can contain the project specifications; a setof as-built drawings; product information, including warran-ty and maintenance information f
34、rom the manufacturers ofvarious components; and specific maintenance require-ments. If a project maintenance manual exists, it is a goodidea to become familiar with the manual to develop a com-prehensive maintenance program.2.2Periodic inspectionsA walk-through visual inspection should be made at le
35、astannually to provide an overview of the structures generalcondition. Problems should be noted in a concise report, rec-ommending further investigation of specific items if required.The inspection should be conducted by an engineer experi-enced in structural condition assessment of parking struc-tu
36、res. A visual inspection does not involve physical testing.Maintenance personnel with proper checklists and day-to-dayexperience of operating the structure can also conduct a visu-al inspection of nonstructural maintenance concerns. Appen-dix C provides a checklist of specific items that should beob
37、served during a visual maintenance inspection.2.3Preventive maintenancePreventive maintenance should reduce life-cycle repairexpenses and extend the service life of the structure. This isaccomplished by ensuring that the structures protective sys-tems are functioning properly to reduce the intrusion
38、 of wa-ter and deicing chemicals. Regular cleaning to removedebris, wash-downs with water, sealing cracks, spot repairsof sealants and expansion joints, protective coatings andmembranes, and periodic reapplication of sealers are all fea-tures of an active preventive maintenance program.2.4Condition
39、appraisalsA condition appraisal should be performed if extensive de-terioration or unexplained problems are observed during thewalk-through visual inspection. The appraisal should evalu-ate and define the extent of deterioration, the associatedproblems observed, their causes, the causes of the probl
40、emsobserved, and the corrective options available. Typically, theappraisal focuses on the deterioration of deck slabs and theirsupporting structural elements that can reduce structural ca-pacity or cause safety hazards.Material samples can be taken and a variety of tests per-formed. The most importa
41、nt tests are those that determine theextent of corrosion and bond loss of the reinforcement andthose that quantify the amount and extent of chloride ingressinto the concrete. See ACI 201.1R for additional informationregarding concrete durability. Testing may include compres-sive strength, chain drag
42、ging, and half-cell testing to locate362.2R-3GUIDE FOR STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF PARKING STRUCTURESactive corrosion and delamination, and chloride-ion content.In addition, petrographic analysis can be done to identify spe-cific concerns regarding the makeup of the concrete.Information gathered from
43、the condition appraisal, alongwith resulting lab analyses, should be reviewed by an engi-neer experienced with structural-condition appraisals. If nec-essary, a materials consultant can confirm the causes ofdeterioration. These experts should provide a report withspecific recommendations, including
44、restoration priorities,options, and repair budgets.The owner should maintain accurate maintenance and in-spection records to provide historical information that canassist in future appraisals of deterioration and identify poten-tial problems observed.CHAPTER 3DETERIORATION PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH P
45、ARKING STRUCTURESThe implementation of a proper maintenance program re-quires an understanding of the deterioration mechanisms andtheir symptoms. Most deterioration involves water intrusionand corrosion of reinforcement.Problems that are left unattended during the early stages oftheir development ca
46、n lead to safety hazards for users, in-creased liability for owners, and can require expensive repairprograms for correction. Structural maintenance require-ments are those actions necessary to preserve, restore, andenhance structural members and improve or enhance protec-tive functions of various w
47、aterproofing and anticorrosionsystems. See ACI 201.1R, 222R, and 224R for additional in-formation regarding deterioration mechanisms briefly de-scribed in this guide.3.1Concrete-related deteriorationConcrete-related deterioration is often associated withscaling, spalling, joint failure, or cracking
48、of the concretemembers. Delamination of concrete, however, is not a pre-requisite for concrete-related deterioration. Sections 3.1.1through 3.1.7 discuss various deterioration mechanisms.3.1.1 ScalingScaling is the disintegration of cementpaste at the concrete surface. Commonly associated with cy-cl
49、es of freezing and thawing, it results in progressive deteri-oration. Severe scaling can result in a loss of concrete surfaceintegrity to depths of more than 25 mm (1 in.). Scaling indeck slabs can create depressions that pose tripping hazardsand create ponding areas that can lead to further deteriora-tion. See Fig. 3.1.3.1.2 CorrosionCorrosion is an electrochemical processthat results in the deterioration of reinforcement and othermetals embedded in the concrete or exposed to the weather.Chloride ions from road salts or other deleteri
