1、Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete StructuresReported by ACI Committee 440ACI 440.2R-17First PrintingMay 2017ISBN: 978-1-945487-59-0Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structu
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16、or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.1ACI 440.2R-17Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete StructuresReported by ACI Committee 440Carol K. Shield, Chair William J. Gold, SecretaryTarek AlkhrdajiCh
17、arles E. BakisLawrence C. BankAbdeldjelil BelarbiBrahim BenmokraneLuke A. BisbyGregg J. BlaszakHakim BouadiTimothy E. BradberryVicki L. BrownJohn BuselRaafat El-HachaGarth J. FallisAmir Z. FamRussell GentryNabil F. GraceMark F. GreenZareh B. GregorianDoug D. GremelShawn P. GrossH. R. Trey Hamilton I
18、IIIssam E. HarikKent A. Harries*Mark P. HendersonRavindra KanitkarYail Jimmy KimMichael W. LeeMaria Lopez de MurphyIbrahim M. MahfouzAmir MirmiranJohn J. MyersAntonio NanniAyman M. OkeilCarlos E. OspinaRenato ParrettiMaria A. PolakMax L. PorterAndrea ProtaHayder A. RasheedSami H. RizkallaRajan SenRu
19、dolf SeracinoVenkatesh SeshappaPedro F. SilvaSamuel A. Steere, IIIJennifer E. TannerJay ThomasHoussam A. ToutanjiJ. Gustavo TumialanMilan VatovecDavid WhiteSarah E. Witt*Co-chairs of the subcommittee that prepared this document.Consulting MembersP. N. BalaguruCraig A. BallingerHarald G. F. Budelmann
20、C. J. BurgoyneRami M. ElhassanDavid M. GaleSrinivasa L. IyerKoichi KishitaniHoward S. KligerKyuichi MaruyamaAntoine E. NaamanHajime OkamuraMark A. PostmaFerdinand S. RostasyMohsen ShahawySurendra P. ShahYasuhisa SonobeMinoru SugitaLuc R. TaerweRalejs TepfersTaketo UomotoPaul ZiaFiber-reinforced poly
21、mer (FRP) systems for strengthening concrete structures are an alternative to traditional strengthening techniques such as steel plate bonding, section enlargement, and external post-tensioning. FRP strengthening systems use FRP composite materials as supplemental externally-bonded or near-surface-m
22、ounted reinforcement. FRP systems offer advantages over tradi-tional strengthening techniques: they are lightweight, relatively easy to install, and noncorroding. Due to the characteristics of FRP materials as well as the behavior of members strengthened with FRP, specific guidance on the use of the
23、se systems is needed. This guide offers general information on the history and use of FRP strengthening systems; a description of the material properties of FRP; and recommendations on the engineering, construction, and inspection of FRP systems used to strengthen concrete structures. This guide is
24、based on the knowledge gained from experimental research, analytical work, and field applications of FRP systems used to strengthen concrete structures.Keywords: aramid fibers; bridges; buildings; carbon fibers; corrosion; cracking; development length; earthquake resistance; fiber-reinforced poly-me
25、rs; structural design.American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 EXTERNALLY BONDED FRP SYSTEMS FOR STRENGTHENING CONCRETE STRUCTURES (ACI 440.2R-17)CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 31.1Introduction, p. 31.2Scope, p. 4CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 62.1Notati
26、on, p. 62.2Definitions, p. 9CHAPTER 3BACKGROUND INFORMATION, p. 103.1Historical development, p. 103.2Commercially available externally bonded FRP systems, p. 10CHAPTER 4CONSTITUENT MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES, p. 114.1Constituent materials, p. 114.2Physical properties, p. 124.3Mechanical properties, p.
27、 124.4Time-dependent behavior, p. 134.5Durability, p. 144.6FRP systems qualification, p. 14CHAPTER 5SHIPPING, STORAGE, AND HANDLING, p. 155.1Shipping, p. 155.2Storage, p. 155.3Handling, p. 15CHAPTER 6INSTALLATION, p. 156.1Contractor competency, p. 166.2Temperature, humidity, and moisture considerati
28、ons, p. 166.3Equipment, p. 166.4Substrate repair and surface preparation, p. 166.5Mixing of resins, p. 176.6Application of FRP systems, p. 176.7Alignment of FRP materials, p. 186.8Multiple plies and lap splices, p. 186.9Curing of resins, p. 186.10Temporary protection, p. 19CHAPTER 7INSPECTION, EVALU
29、ATION, AND ACCEPTANCE, p. 197.1Inspection, p. 197.2Evaluation and acceptance, p. 19CHAPTER 8MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR, p. 208.1General, p. 208.2Inspection and assessment, p. 208.3Repair of strengthening system, p. 218.4Repair of surface coating, p. 21CHAPTER 9GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS, p. 219.1Desi
30、gn philosophy, p. 219.2Strengthening limits, p. 219.3Selection of FRP systems, p. 229.4Design material properties, p. 23CHAPTER 10FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING, p. 2410.1Nominal strength, p. 2410.2Reinforced concrete members, p. 2410.3Prestressed concrete members, p. 2910.4Moment redistribution, p. 31CHAPT
31、ER 11SHEAR STRENGTHENING, p. 3111.1General considerations, p. 3211.2Wrapping schemes, p. 3211.3Nominal shear strength, p. 32CHAPTER 12STRENGTHENING OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL FORCE OR COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING FORCES, p. 3412.1Pure axial compression, p. 3412.2Combined axial compression and bendi
32、ng, p. 3612.3Ductility enhancement, p. 3612.4Pure axial tension, p. 37CHAPTER 13SEISMIC STRENGTHENING, p. 3713.1Background, p. 3813.2FRP properties for seismic design, p. 3813.3Confinement with FRP, p. 3813.4Flexural strengthening, p. 4013.5Shear strengthening, p. 4113.6Beam-column joints, p. 4113.7
33、Strengthening reinforced concrete shear walls, p. 41CHAPTER 14FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER REINFORCEMENT DETAILS, p. 4314.1Bond and delamination, p. 4314.2Detailing of laps and splices, p. 4414.3Bond of near-surface-mounted systems, p. 45CHAPTER 15DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND SUBMITTALS, p. 4615.1Engin
34、eering requirements, p. 4615.2Drawings and specifications, p. 4615.3Submittals, p. 46CHAPTER 16DESIGN EXAMPLES, p. 4716.1Calculation of FRP system tensile properties, p. 4716.3Flexural strengthening of an interior reinforced concrete beam with FRP laminates, p. 5016.4Flexural strengthening of an int
35、erior reinforced concrete beam with near-surface-mounted FRP bars, p. 5616.5Flexural strengthening of an interior prestressed concrete beam with FRP laminates, p. 6216.6Shear strengthening of an interior T-beam, p. 6816.7Shear strengthening of an exterior column, p. 7116.8Strengthening of a noncircu
36、lar concrete column for axial load increase, p. 7316.9Strengthening of a noncircular concrete column for increase in axial and bending forces, p. 76American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.orgEXTERNALLY BONDED FRP SYSTEMS FOR STRENGTHENING CONCRETE STRUCTURES (ACI 440.2R-17) 316
37、.11Lap-splice clamping for seismic strengthening, p. 8616.12Seismic shear strengthening, p. 8816.13Flexural and shear seismic strengthening of shear walls, p. 91CHAPTER 17REFERENCES, p. 97Authored documents, p. 98APPENDIX AMATERIAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON, GLASS, AND ARAMID FIBERS, p. 105APPENDIX BSUMM
38、ARY OF STANDARD TEST METHODS, p. 107APPENDIX CAREAS OF FUTURE RESEARCH, p. 108APPENDIX DMETHODOLOGY FOR COMPUTATION OF SIMPLIFIED P-M INTERACTION DIAGRAM FOR NONCIRCULAR COLUMNS, p. 109CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionThe strengthening or retrofitting of existing concrete structures to
39、resist higher design loads, correct strength loss due to deterioration, correct design or construction deficien-cies, or increase ductility has historically been accomplished using conventional materials and construction techniques. Externally bonded steel plates, steel or concrete jackets, and exte
40、rnal post-tensioning are some of the many traditional techniques available.Composite materials made of fibers in a polymeric resin, also known as fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), have emerged as a viable option for repair and rehabilitation. For the purposes of this guide, an FRP system is defined
41、as the fibers and resins used to create the composite laminate, all applicable resins used to bond it to the concrete substrate, and all applied coatings used to protect the constituent mate-rials. Coatings used exclusively for aesthetic reasons are not considered part of an FRP system.FRP materials
42、 are lightweight, noncorroding, and exhibit high tensile strength. These materials are readily available in several forms, ranging from factory-produced pultruded lami-nates to dry fiber sheets that can be wrapped to conform to the geometry of a structure before adding the polymer resin. The relativ
43、ely thin profiles of cured FRP systems are often desir-able in applications where aesthetics or access is a concern. FRP systems can also be used in areas with limited access where traditional techniques would be difficult to implement.The basis for this document is the knowledge gained from a compr
44、ehensive review of experimental research, analytical work, and field applications of FRP strengthening systems. Areas where further research is needed are highlighted in this document and compiled in Appendix C.1.1.1 Use of FRP systemsThis document refers to commercially available FRP systems consis
45、ting of fibers and resins combined in a specific manner and installed by a specific method. These systems have been developed through material characterization and structural testing. Untested combinations of fibers and resins could result in an unexpected range of properties as well as potential ma
46、te-rial incompatibilities. Any FRP system considered for use should have sufficient test data to demonstrate adequate performance of the entire system in similar applications, including its method of installation. ACI 440.8 provides a specification for unidirectional carbon and glass FRP mate-rials
47、made using the wet layup process.The use of FRP systems developed through material characterization and structural testing, including well-documented proprietary systems, is recommended. The use of untested combinations of fibers and resins should be avoided. A comprehensive set of test standards an
48、d guides for FRP systems has been developed by several organiza-tions, including ASTM, ACI, ICRI, and ICC.1.1.2 SustainabilitySustainability of FRP materials may be evaluated considering environmental, economic, and social goals. These should be considered not only throughout the construction phase,
49、 but also through the service life of the structure in terms of maintenance and preservation, and for the end-of-life phase. This represents the basis for a life-cycle approach to sustainability (Menna et al. 2013). Life cycle assessment (LCA) takes into account the envi-ronmental impact of a product, starting with raw material extraction, followed by production, distribution, transporta-tion, installation, use, and end of life. LCA for FRP compos-ites depends on the product and marke
