1、ACI 515.2R-13Guide to Selecting Protective Treatments for ConcreteReported by ACI Committee 515First PrintingJuly 2013Guide to Selecting Protective Treatments for Concrete Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or
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7、l damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make
8、any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupat
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10、Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Con
11、crete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgISBN-13: 978-0-87031-825-2ISBN: 0-87031-825-XAmerican Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeConcrete structures can be subjected to physical or chemical attacks by vario
12、us substances, including water, acids, alkalis, salt solutions, and organic chemicals. Damage may vary in intensity from surface discoloration or roughening to catastrophic loss of structural integrity due to acid attack. This guide addresses the effects of various substances on untreated concrete a
13、nd provides recommendations for protective treatments.Keywords: acids; alkali; chemical attack; coal tar distillates; coatings; deicer; distress; durability; exposure condition; fatty acids; hardener; membrane; petroleum oils; protective treatment; resin; salt solution; sealer; solvents; topping; ve
14、getable oils.ContentsCHAPteR 1IntRoDUCtIon AnD sCoPe, p. 21.1Introduction, p. 21.2Scope, p. 2CHAPteR 2notAtIon AnD DeFInItIons, p. 22.1Notation, p. 22.2Definitions, p. 3CHAPteR 3tABLes oF CHeMICALs, tHeIR eFFeCts on ConCRete, AnD PRoteCtIVe tReAtMents, p. 33.1Aggressive substances, p. 33.2Treatment
15、methods, p. 3CHAPteR 4PRoteCtIVe tReAtMents AnD sYsteMs DesCRIPtIons, p. 134.1Magnesium fluosilicate or zinc fluosilicate, p. 134.2Alkali silicates, sodium silicate (water glass), potas-sium silicate, lithium silicate, p. 134.3Drying oils, p. 134.4Coumarone-indene resin, p. 144.5Styrene-butadiene (S
16、BR) copolymer resin, p. 144.6Chlorinated rubber, p. 144.7Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (hypalon), p. 144.8Vinyls and latex-based materials, p. 144.9Bituminous paints, mastics, and enamels, p. 154.10Polyester and vinyl ester materials, p. 154.11Polyurethane/urethane, p. 164.12Epoxy, p. 164.13Neoprene
17、, p. 174.14Polysulfide, p. 174.15Coal tar and coal-tar epoxy, p. 174.16Chemical-resistant masonry units, mortars, grouts, and concretes, p. 184.17Sheet rubber, p. 204.18Resin sheets, p. 204.19Lead sheet, p. 204.20Glass, p. 20ACI 515.2R-13Guide to selecting Protective treatments for ConcreteReported
18、by ACI Committee 515Fred R. Goodwin, Chair Terry J. Willems, SecretaryRalph T. BrownDianne CareyStephen D. DischH. Peter GolterEdward P. McGettiganOon-Soo OoiKeith A. PashinaArthur T. Weiss Jr.Consulting membersJon B. Ardahl Charles O. PrattRonald R. StankieACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Comment
19、aries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the applicatio
20、n of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this documen
21、t are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 515.2R-13 was adopted and published July 2013.Copyright 2013, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights
22、of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in w
23、riting is obtained from the copyright proprietors.14.21Acrylics, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and high-molecular-weight methacrylate (HMWM), p. 204.22Silane, siloxane, and siliconates (organosilicon compounds), p. 204.23Metalizing, p. 224.24Crystalline coatings and admixtures, p. 224.25Polyurea, p. 22
24、4.26Adjunct additives, p. 23CHAPteR 5ReFeRenCes, p. 23CHAPteR 1IntRoDUCtIon AnD sCoPe1.1IntroductionThe rate of attack on concrete is directly related to the activity of aggressive chemicals. Solutions of high concen-tration are generally more corrosive than those of low concentration and produce mo
25、re rapid disintegration of concrete, although, in some cases, the reverse is true. The rate of attack might be altered by the solubility of the reac-tion products based on concrete type. A lower hydroxide ion concentration generally causes more rapid attack on concrete surfaces. Also, because high t
26、emperatures usually accelerate chemical attack as compared to normal temperatures, better protection is required for concrete as temperature increases. Rapid disintegration in the context used refers to immediate and very aggressive attack. Slow disintegration refers to attack over a time period of
27、months to years, depending on the factors previously described as well as interactions with other substances.Generally there are three methods for mitigating chemical attack: 1) choosing the optimized concrete mixture to make it less permeable (ACI 201.2R); 2) isolating it from the agents causing ch
28、emical attack by using a suitable coating, overlay, lining, or barrier; or 3) modifying the composition, tempera-ture, or other factors affecting the rate of chemical attack to make it less aggressive to the concrete (Addis 1994). Isola-tion materials include coatings, sheet membranes, chem-ical-res
29、istant grouted masonry (brick and tile), as well as combinations of these materials; it is not uncommon to use a membrane between the substrate concrete and chemical-resistant masonry for a redundant protective system. The focus of this document is selection of materials to isolate the concrete from
30、 aggressive chemical substances. When protective material is bonded to concrete, bond strength should be evaluated and should be in compliance with the producers and specifiers requirements.Kuenning (1966) studied the nature of aggressive chemi-cals, modes of attack, and reaction products for mortar
31、s exposed to acids, alcohols, aluminates, amino acids, ammo-nium salts, benzene, borates, carbonates, chlorates, chlo-rides, chromates, esters, ferrocyanides, fluosilicates, linseed oils, magnesium salts, manganates, molybdates, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, seawater, stannates, sulfates, and suga
32、rs. Type I and Type V cements were studied at varying water-cement ratios (w/c). The study found resistance of mortar to chemical attack was increased by a longer period of curing and a decrease in w/c. Type V cement mortar was more resis-tant to sulfate attack than the other mortars, but not to aci
33、dic sulfates or those that contained ammonium or magnesium. The zero-C3A cement mortar generally had lower resistance to chemical attack than Type V.Basson (1989) created an aggressiveness index taken from a chemical analysis of a water sample adjusted by factors such as prevailing temperature, flow
34、 conditions, or wet and dry cycles of the exposed concrete (National Association of Corrosion Engineers 1991). Guidelines with protective treat-ments are given in Chapter 4.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to estab-lish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific cir
35、cumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations,
36、 including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards.This information, based both on literature sources and experience, must be considered a guide to assist in designing a test program using the concrete mixtures and chemicals
37、for a specific application. Many of the recommended treatments were taken from Kerkhoff (2001).Unless otherwise specified, percentage concentration of dissolved substance is the mass concentration of solute in solvent (assumed to be water unless otherwise described).1.2scopeThis guide refers to comm
38、on protective treatments for the chemicals classified in Tables 3.1a through 3.1h. More exotic treatments, such as lead sheet, glass, or metalizing are included, but not usually called for except in extreme or unusual circumstances. Because various treatments provide different degrees of protection,
39、 product producers should be consulted for each application.In all cases, specific recommendations from material producers should be followed instead of the general guidance given in this guide, as individual treatment types vary widely within a specific product type. Specific product recommen-datio
40、ns are beyond the scope or intent of this guide.CHAPteR 2notAtIon AnD DeFInItIons2.1notationSpecial notation characters are referenced in Tables 3.1a through 3.1h to provide further clarification of specific chemi-cals and are shown as letters in the column headed “Notes.”a = sometimes used in food
41、processing or as food or beverage ingredient; ask for advisory opinion of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding coatings for use with food ingredients.b = water with a pH higher than 6.5 may be aggres-sive if it also contains bicarbonates; natural water is usually of pH higher than 7.0 and se
42、ldom lower than 6.0, though pH values as low as 0.4 have been American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.org2 GUIDe to seLeCtInG PRoteCtIVe tReAtMents FoR ConCRete (ACI 515.2R-13)reported (Nordstrom et al. 2000); for pH values below 3, protect as for dilute acid.c = frequently used
43、 as a deicer for concrete pavements. If the concrete contains too little entrained air, a poor-quality air-void system, or has not been aged more than 1 month, repeated application may cause surface scaling; for protection under these condi-tions, refer to deicing salts.d = carbon dioxide dissolves
44、in natural waters to form carbonic acid solutions; when it dissolves to an extent of 0.9 to 3 ppm, it is destructive to concrete.e = frequently used as deicer for airplanes; heavy spillage on runway pavements containing too little entrained air may cause surface scaling.f = in addition to the intent
45、ional fermentation of many raw materials, much unwanted fermentation occurs in the spoiling of foods and food wastes, also producing lactic acid.g = contains carbonic acid, fish oils, hydrogen sulfide, methyl amine, brine, and other potentially reactive substances.h = water used for cleaning coal ga
46、s; composition-ally, coal-washing gas can contain gases based on hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide (Kohl and Neilsen 1997); the reported pH can range from as low as 5.7 to as high as 8.5.j = in those limited areas of the United States where concrete is made with reactive
47、 aggregates, reactive aggregate reaction products can cause disruptive expansion.k = composed mostly of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water vapor; also contains unburned hydrocarbons, partially burned hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and oxides of sulfur. Nitrogen dioxide a
48、nd oxygen in sunlight may produce ozone, which reacts with some of the organics to produce formaldehyde, peracylnitrates, and other products.l = contain chromium trioxide and a small amount of sulfate or nearly saturated ammonium chromic sulfate, and sodium sulfate.m = many types of solutions are us
49、ed, including(a) sulfatecontains copper sulfate and sulfuric acid(b) cyanidecontains copper and sodium cyanides and sodium carbonate(c) rochellecontains these cyanides, sodium carbonate, and potassium sodium tartrate(d) others such as fluoborate, pyrophosphate, amine, or potassium cyaniden = contains lead fluosilicates and fluosilicic acid.p = reference to combustion of coal, which produces carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbohydrates, ammonia, nitric acid, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, soot, and ashe
