1、ACI 548.11R-12Guide for the Application of Epoxy and Latex Adhesives for Bonding Freshly Mixed and Hardened ConcretesReported by ACI Committee 548First PrintingSeptember 2012Guide for the Application of Epoxy and Latex Adhesives for Bonding Freshly Mixed and Hardened ConcretesCopyright by the Americ
2、an Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI co
3、mmittee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who ha
4、ve suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata website at www.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use
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11、ee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgISBN 978-0-87031-774-3This guide provides information, requirements, a
12、nd procedures for bonding freshly mixed and hardened concretes by using epoxy or latex adhesives. This guide covers evaluation of hardened concrete, selection of suitable epoxy or latex adhesive and application methods.Keywords: adhesives; bonding; epoxy adhesives; evaluation; latex adhesive; prepar
13、ation.CONTENTSChapter 1Scope, p. 2Chapter 2Definitions, p. 2Chapter 3Hardened concrete evaluation, p. 2Chapter 4Removal of unsound concrete, p. 2Chapter 5Surface preparation, p. 2Chapter 6Use of epoxy adhesives, p. 36.1Selection of epoxy adhesive6.2Mixing of epoxy adhesive6.3Application of epoxy adh
14、esiveACI 548.11R-12Guide for the Application of Epoxy and Latex Adhesives for Bonding Freshly Mixed and Hardened ConcretesReported by ACI Committee 548Bradley Nemunaitis, Chair Mahmoud M. Reda Taha, Secretary Ashraf I. AhmedMohammad A. AlhassanMilton D. AndersonJacques A. BertrandConstantin BodeaTim
15、othy BowerDavid W. FowlerRobert W. GaulQuentin L. HibbenAlbert O. KaedingJohn R. MillironMyles A. MurrayJoseph A. Nuciforo, Jr.John R. RobinsonDonald A. SchmidtRaymond J. SchutzQizhong ShengJoe SolomonMichael M. SprinkelMichael S. StenkoDonald P. TragianeseWafeek S. WahbyDavid WhiteDavid P. WhitneyR
16、ichard E. WollmershauserConsulting MembersLu AnqiCraig A. BallingerJohn J. BartholomewShashi P. BhatnagarZhi-Yuan ChenInz Lech CzarneckiHarold (Dan) R. EdwardsLarry J. FarrellJack J. FontanaGeorge HoreczkoDavid P. HuBert Paul KreikemansDeon KrugerWilliam LeeTroy D. MadeleyHenry N. Marsh, Jr.Peter Me
17、ndisPeter J. MossYoshihiko OhamaKelly M. PageJerzy PictrzykowskiRichard C. PrusinskiHamid SaadatmaneshDonald A. SchmidtMeyer SteinbergHarold H. Weber, Jr.1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This do
18、cument is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for
19、 the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated
20、in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 548.11R-12 supsersedes ACI 503.6R-97(03) and became effective September 6, 2012.Copyright 2012, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the ma
21、king of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual repro-duction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.Chapter 7Use of lat
22、ex adhesives, p. 37.1Selection of latex adhesive7.2Application of latex adhesiveChapter 8References, p. 4CHAPTER 1SCOPEThis guide provides information, requirements, and procedures for bonding freshly mixed and hardened concretes by using epoxy or latex adhesives. This information will be of particu
23、lar use to contractors.This guide consists of:a) Evaluation of hardened concrete to determine proper preparation and surface conditioning before application of adhesivesb) Selection of suitable epoxy or latex adhesive depending on the expected performance and environmental conditions (ACI 503.5R)c)
24、Application methodsCHAPTER 2DEFINITONS2.1DefinitionsACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” http:/terminology.concrete.org.CHAPTER 3HARDENED CONCRETE EVALUATIONContaminated and deteriorated concrete can be detected by visual inspection
25、; however, in many cases, visual determination of the soundness of the concrete is not sufficient to select the repair and preparation methods. It is necessary to determine the extent and cause of deterioration, and if that cause is active. For guidance on surveys for these determinations, refer to
26、ACI 201.1R, ACI 364.1R, and ASTM C823/C823M.Methods common for evaluating and determining concrete condition include sounding with a hammer or chain drag, ultrasonic pulse velocity, petrographic analysis, infrared thermography, radar detection, core evaluation, impact echo, measurement of chloride i
27、on content, and bond tests as described in ACI 228.1R and ASTM C1583/C1583.Proper preparation, as described in Chapter 5, of any concrete to receive an adhesive is of primary importance. Inadequate preparation may result in bond failure at the adhesive interface.The surface conditions required for d
28、ifferent types of adhesive are described in Chapters 4 and 5.CHAPTER 4REMOVAL OF UNSOUND CONCRETEThe removal of unsound or damaged concrete prior to placing an adhesive and before placement of the freshly mixed concrete is a necessary part of the rehabilitation of structures.The first step involves
29、saw cutting the periphery of the removal area to a depth of 1 in. (25 mm) or to a lesser depth necessary to clear the reinforcing steel (VDOT 2007). This saw cutting delineates the repair area and reduces edge spalling and weakness introduced by outlining the area using other methods. Saw cutting al
30、so provides a shoulder against which the repair materials can be placed and finished, resulting in a neater appearance. The saw-cut line should be located outside of the determined limits of the defect to ensure that all defective concrete is removed and that the fresh material is bonded to sound co
31、ncrete.Several types of systems are available to remove unsound concrete.a) Scabblers or bush hammers are tools with several points that remove concrete by pulverizing or fracturing the surfaceb) Scarifiers have wheels with several points that are tipped with carbide, tungsten, or diamonds. This equ
32、ipment removes concrete by scraping or impacting the surfacec) Water blasting (hydrodemolition) removes concrete by projecting jets of potable waterd) Jackhammers remove concrete by impacting the surfaceCHAPTER 5SURFACE PREPARATIONAfter the concrete has been removed by one or more of the aforementio
33、ned methods (USACE 1995), except for water blasting, all newly exposed surfaces should be abrasive blasted and washed thoroughly with a water jet that has a pressure of at least 1500 psi (10 MPa). The surface should then be dried with oil-free compressed air or vacuumed to remove any residual debris
34、.Surfaces or parts of surfaces not requiring removal of concrete should be cleaned to remove all surface contaminants detrimental to the bond of the adhesive. Such contaminants may include laitance, curing membranes, surface coatings, treatments, oil, grease, rust stains, and dust.These methods are
35、commonly used to remove contaminantsa) Shot blasting, which projects metal balls of varying size at high velocity to impact and abrade the surfaceb) Abrasive blasting, which projects particles of varying size to impact and abrade the surface. The particles may be carried by air or waterc) Scabbling,
36、 which uses bush hammersd) Scarificatione) Water blastingOne or more of these methods may be required for preparation. For guidance, refer to ASTM D4258 and D4259 and ICRI No. 310.1R, No. 310.2R, and No. 310.3R.Regardless of surface preparation method, the results should be such that the surface is
37、abraded to expose the coarse aggregate in the surface with a maximum surface texture of 0.01 in. (0.254 mm) measured in accordance with ASTM E965. Heavier textures require the use of excessive adhesive.To determine if surface preparation is adequate for bonding, test for pulloff strength in accordan
38、ce with ASTM C1583/C1583. If 250 psi (1.7 MPa) is achieved, then the surface preparation and concrete quality is adequate. If the pullout value is less than 250 psi (1.7 MPa) and 50 percent or more of the failure area is in the concrete at a depth of 0.236 in. (6 mm) or greater, then the surface pre
39、paration American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.org2 APPLICATION OF EPOXY AND LATEX ADHESIVES FOR BONDING (ACI 548.11R-12)is adequate, but the concrete quality may not be adequate. In this case, an additional evaluation in accordance with Chapter 3 may be necessary.CHAPTER 6USE
40、 OF EPOXY ADHESIVESTo ensure adequate bonding using epoxy adhesives, the following requirements should be met.a) The concrete surface should be strong, dense, and sound as determined by the methods in Chapter 5.b) The concrete surface should be clean and free from contaminants and prepared as descri
41、bed in Chapter 5.c) In addition to other considerations, the selection of epoxy adhesive should consider the anticipated ambient and concrete temperatures. The ease of use and final properties of epoxy application are influenced by the surface temperature. Refer to ASTM C881/C881M for a list of epox
42、ies for use at different temperatures.d) Surface moisture and vapor can interfere with the bond of the adhesive. Surface moisture and vapor leaving the concrete surface should be recognized as potential impediments to proper bond. Efforts should be made to dry the surface. Moisture vapor transmissio
43、n may be detected by covering the surface tightly with a 4 x 4 ft (1.2 x 1.2 m) transparent plastic film, following the procedure in ASTM D4263. If moisture has not accumulated under the film after 6 to 8 hours, or within the time required for the adhesive to cure and the concrete to set, capillary
44、moisture or out-gassing vapors are insufficient to adversely affect the bond. The exposure time should be extended 50 percent under the film if temperatures are below 40F (4C) or if the site is under cloud cover.6.1Selection of epoxy adhesiveThe epoxy adhesive should meet the requirements of ASTM C8
45、81/C881M, Type II and V, Grade 2 and 3, Class A, B, or C. In addition, unless otherwise recommended by the adhesive manufacturer, apply sufficient adhesive to cover the entire prepared surface without leaving excessive adhesive in the low areas. Apply adhesive to horizontal, vertical, and overhead s
46、urfaces prior to placing the freshly mixed concrete. Type II adhesives are used in non-load-bearing applications, whereas Type V are for load-bearing uses. Grade 1 materials are low viscosity. Grade 2 materials are medium viscosity. Grade 3 materials have a nonsagging consistency. Class A materials
47、are used when temperatures are below 40F (4C), Class B materials are used when temperatures are typically between 40 and 60F (4 and 16C), and Class C materials are used when temperatures are above 60F (16C) with upper limits set by the manufacturer.6.2Mixing of epoxy adhesiveEpoxy adhesives are supp
48、lied as two-part systems. One part contains the epoxy resin and the other part contains the hardener or curing agent.Epoxy and substrate temperatures directly affect the performance of the epoxy compound. The quantity and temperature of the adhesive at time of mixing influence the working time. Elev
49、ated temperatures reduce the viscosity of the epoxy. This makes it easier to mix and apply and shortens the working time in the container. Less open time before early polymerization affects the bonding ability of the epoxy compound. Cooler temperatures increase the viscosity of the epoxy. This makes thorough mixing difficult, lengthens the working time in the container, and extends the open time before concrete placement. The quantity of adhesive to be mixed should not exceed the amount that can be readily applied within the pot life or working time of the spe
