1、An ACI Technical Publication SYMPOSIUM VOLUME SP-313 Proceedings of the First ACI and a study by Maruyama et al. on the evaluation of tsunami forces acting on bridge girders. The seven papers on seismic effects addressed topics ranging from seismic design standards to innovative methods of construct
2、ion for seismic retrofit. Parra-Montesinos et al. presented the results of experiments on fiber-reinforced coupling beams, as well as design guidelines. Teshigawara discussed JCI contributions to the ISO Standard for seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing concrete structures. A summary of a pro
3、ject on the use of high-strength reinforcement for seismic design was presented by Kelly et al., including findings that are based on extensive prior research on high-strength reinforcement in Japan. Shiohara described the results of a study that supports the new Architectural Institute of Japan (AI
4、J) Standard for Seismic Capacity Calculation, with a focus on beam-column joints and collapse simulation. Matamoros presented a study of factors that affect drift ratio at axial failure of nonductile reinforced concrete buildings. A study of the seismic response of reinforced concrete bridge piers,
5、including the effects of interaction between piles and soil, was presented by Maki et al. Finally, French et al. discussed an overview of lessons learned from laboratory testing of reinforced concrete shear walls.The day after the joint seminar a meeting was held between ACI and JCI officials to dis
6、cuss future collaboration and joint seminars. Representing ACI were President William E. Rushing, and the ACI Executive Vice President, Ronald Burg. Representing JCI were President Hirozo Mihashi, and Chair of the JCI Committee on JCI-ACI Collaboration, Kyuichi Maruyama. It was resolved to hold a se
7、cond joint seminar, to be hosted by JCI in Tokyo, in conjunction with the 50th anniversary celebrations of the founding of JCI on July 13, 2015. In addition, subsequent discussions between ACI and JCI led to plans for the third joint seminar, to be hosted by ACI at the ACI Convention in Anaheim, Cal
8、ifornia, in October 2017. It is hoped that this collection of papers will serve to advance the state of analysis and design of concrete structures against earthquakes and tsunamis in both the United States and Japan, and that it will serve as a model for future collaboration between ACI and JCI. Kyu
9、ichi Maruyama Andrew W. Taylor JCI Co-Editor ACI Co-EditorTABLE OF CONTENTS SP-3131 Structural Design Requirements for Tsunami Evacuation Buildings in Japan . 1.1 Author: Yoshiaki Nakano SP-3132 The ASCE 7 Tsunami Loads and Effects Design Standard for the U.S. . 2.1 Author: Gary Chock SP-3133 Evalua
10、tion of Tsunami Force Acting on Bridge Girders 3.1 Authors: Kyuichi Maruyama, Yasushi Tanaka, Kenji Kosa, Akira Hosoda, Taro Arikawa, Norimi Mizutani, and Tomoaki Nakamura SP-3134 Elimination of Diagonal Reinforcement in Earthquake-Resistant Coupling Beams through Use of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete 4.
11、1 Authors: G.J. Parra-Montesinos, J.K. Wight, C. Kopczynski, R.D. Lequesne, M. Setkit, A. Conforti, and J. Ferzli SP-3135 JCI Activity on ISO Standard for Seismic Evaluation of Concrete Structures 5.1 Author: Masaomi Teshigawara SP-3136 ATC-98 Project on Seismic Design of Concrete Structures with Hi
12、gh-Strength Reinforcement . 6.1 Authors: Dominic J. Kelly, Andres Lepage, David Mar, Jose I. Restrepo, Joseph C. Sanders, and Andrew W. Taylor SP-3137 A New AIJ standard for Seismic Capacity Calculation: Recent Advances in Beam-Column Joint Design and Seismic Collapse Simulation on Reinforced Concre
13、te Frame Buildings 7.1 Author: Hitoshi Shiohara SP-3138 Factors that Affect the Drift at Axial Load Failure of Nonductile RC Buildings 8.1 Author: Adolfo Matamoros SP-3139 Seismic Response of RC Bridge Piers Considering Soil-Pile Interaction 9.1 Authors: Takeshi Maki, Hiroshi Mutsuyoshi and Anawat C
14、hotesuwan SP-31310 Lessons Learned from Reinforced Concrete Wall Tests .10.1 Authors: Catherine E. French, Beth Brueggen, Sri Sritharan, Sriram R. Aaleti, Suzanne Dow NakakiSP-31301 1.1 Structural Design Requirements for Tsunami Evacuation Buildings in Japan Yoshiaki Nakano 1Synopsis: The Great East
15、 Japan Earthquake that struck northern Japan in March 2011 caused devastating tsunami damage, both to property and human life. To evacuate inland or to elevated ground is the primary action immediately to be taken in coastal areas after a felt earthquake. But there are plenty of communities where pe
16、ople simply cannot evacuate in time, and constructing tsunami evacuation buildings at strategic locations is therefore vital means to effectively mitigate human damage. After the 2011 catastrophic tsunami event, a joint team of the Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo (IIS UTokyo
17、) and the Building Research Institute (BRI) extensively inspected tsunami damaged buildings and investigated their lateral strength, structural type, site condition, observed damage etc. In November 2011, The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism newly issued the Interim Guidelines
18、 on the Structural Design of Tsunami Evacuation Buildings considering new findings, improved knowledge, and various experiences learned through the repeated damage investigations (Guidelines 2011). This paper presents the outline of the structural requirements for tsunami evacuation buildings stipul
19、ated in the new Japanese Interim Guidelines 2011. Following the Guidelines 2011, the relationship between structural size, required lateral strength, and tsunami inundation depth is also studied and discussed herein. Keywords: Tsunami, design, evacuation building, structural requirement INTRODUCTION
20、 The Great East Japan Earthquake that struck northern Japan in March 2011 caused devastating tsunami damage, both to property and human life. To evacuate inland or to elevated ground is the primary action immediately to be taken in coastal areas after a felt earthquake. But there are plenty of commu
21、nities where people simply cannot evacuate in time, and constructing tsunami evacuation buildings at strategic locations is therefore vital means to effectively mitigate human damage. To design and construct buildings resistive to tsunami loads, quantitative evaluations of tsunami load applicable to
22、 structural design is most essential. Since great earthquakes such as Tokai Earthquake and Tonankai-Nankai Earthquake significantly affecting coastal areas are expected to occur in the near future in Japan, the Central Disaster Prevention Council issued the General Principles for Countermeasures aga
23、inst Tokai Earthquake in May 2003 and against Tonankai-Nankai Earthquake in December 2003, respectively. Under such circumstances, the Building Center of Japan (BCJ) started a research project to discuss structural requirements for tsunami evacuation buildings and drafted a technical guide for their
24、 structural design in 2004 (BCJ Guidelines 2004) (Okada et al. 2004a and 2004b), which for the first time in Japan introduced a formula to compute tsunami loads expected to act on buildings and other structural requirements. The formula was developed primarily based on laboratory tests of 2-dimensio
25、nal scaled models (Asakura et al., 2000) and examined through surveys of structures after the Indian Ocean Tsunami in December 2004 (Nakano 2007&2008). The Japanese Cabinet Office also set up a task committee to discuss requirements and criteria to design tsunami evacuation buildings and proposed de
26、sign guidelines in 2005 (JCO Guidelines 2005) referring BCJ Guidelines 2004 mentioned above. However, few buildings had been designed based on these guidelines until 2011. After the 2011 catastrophic tsunami event, a joint team of the Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo (IIS UTo
27、kyo) and the Building Research Institute (BRI) extensively inspected tsunami damaged buildings and investigated their lateral strength, structural type, site condition, 1Director General, Professor, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Yoshiaki Nakano 1.2 observed d
28、amage etc. to review and verify the tsunami forces and to enrich design requirements and commentary described in the previous guidelines. The joint team proposed necessary revisions based on new findings, improved knowledge, and various experiences learned through the repeated damage investigations
29、followed by intensive discussions. In November 2011, The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism adopted the proposal and newly issued the Interim Guidelines 2011 on the Structural Design of Tsunami Evacuation Buildings (Guidelines 2011). This paper presents the outline of the struct
30、ural requirements for tsunami evacuation buildings stipulated in the new Japanese Interim Guidelines 2011. Following the Guidelines 2011, the relationship among structural size, required lateral strength, and tsunami inundation depth is also studied and discussed herein. DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND INTERI
31、M GUIDELINES 2011 The tsunami evacuation buildings can be affected by tsunamis from two sources, i.e., near-source-generated tsunamis and far-source-generated tsunamis. The first tsunami source would be the one that occurs following so called near-field earthquakes, which also would create severe an
32、d damaging ground shaking. The second source would be a distant earthquake that occurs far away from the coastal areas without any local earthquake effects. Following the 2011 event, the Japanese central and local governments have conducted extensive tsunami simulations using improved scientific dat
33、a and methods, as well as considering inundated areas due to recent and historic tsunami events, to provide rational tsunami hazard maps which are of primary help for earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation planning. As will be described later, the tsunami loads are in general given considering t
34、he tsunami inundation depth that appears in the regional hazard maps provided by the local government. The tsunami evacuation buildings are primarily required to have the capacity to resist anticipated tsunami loads without collapse, overturning, or lateral movement for the life safety of evacuees.
35、Figure 1 shows a basic flow of structural design procedure. As was often found after the 2011 tsunami disaster, the performance of a building during tsunami inundation is significantly affected by buoyancy in addition to the tsunami flow, and uplift due to buoyancy should be carefully taken into acc
36、ount in the design. The structural safety and integrity is the primary concern for the tsunami evacuation building, but it should also be noted that the refuge areas should be located well above the elevation considering possible splash-up during tsunami impact and inherent uncertainty in estimating
37、 tsunami run-up elevation. In designing individual members, they are first categorized as either breakaway or non-breakaway components. Breakaway components are allowed to fail under a specific tsunami load without causing damage to the building system. This concept is employed because it is deemed
38、impractical to design all members and their connections strong enough to resist the maximum considered tsunami event from technical and economical point of view. Structural components, however, should be designed as non-breakaway to resist and transfer the forces acting on them. Tsunami debris impac
39、ts and scour are also essential issues in designing tsunami evacuation buildings. When tsunamis propagate inland, destructive waves can carry debris creating high impact loads and cause extensive damage to timber houses although they may generally cause local damage to reinforced concrete buildings.
40、 Due to uncertainties involved in the estimate of impact forces associated with waterborne debris, the Guidelines 2011 incorporate considerations of the missing column strategy, which also appears in the Japanese Seismic Evaluation Standard (JBDPA 1977), to reduce the potential for progressive colla
41、pse if one column is severely damaged and loses its vertical load carrying capacity. Tsunami scour depth is generally difficult to predict because of the many variables that govern the scour mechanism. Deep concrete foundations (pile foundations) should be provided for the tsunami evacuation buildings instead of shallow foundations such as mat foundations, because of the scour
