1、COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesInnovative Cement Grouting Publication SP-83 American Concrete Institute. Detroit COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesAC1 SP-3 4 H 0662749 O
2、OL3895 7 M DISCUSSION of individual papers in this symposium may be submitted in accordance with general requirements of the AC1 Publication Policy to AC1 headquarters at the address given below. date for submission of discussion is June 1, 1985. approved by the Technical Activities Committee will b
3、e published in the November-December 1985 AC1 JOURNAL together with appropri- ate closing remarks by the authors. Closing All discussion The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. able to, nor intended to, supplant individual training, responsi- bi
4、lity, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the informa- tion presented. Institute publications are not The papers in this volume have been reviewed under Institute p,ublication procedures by individuals expert in the subject areas of the papers. Copyright 1984 P.O. Box 19150, Redford Station
5、 Detroit , Michigan 48219 AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual
6、 reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Printed in the United States of America Editorial production: Yona D. Kahn LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 84-71538 ii COPYRIGHT ACI International
7、 (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesAC1 SP-3 4 W 0662949 OOl13846 O W AC1 .Com PREFACE ttee 552-Cement Grouting-was organized in 1981 ani given the mission to study and report on the application and use of cement grouting techniques for ground modification. This pu
8、blication includes a selection of the papers presented at the two-part technical session, “Innovative Materials and Techniques in Cement Grouting,“ during the 1983 Fall Convention in Kansas City. While cement grouting has been used in construction projects for more than 100 years, only recently have
9、 industry, government, and academia formally recognized the need for cooperative research in this area. Included in this volume are both academic research papers and construction-oriented papers. The academic papers discuss potential new uses of existing materials, current research into a new nondes
10、tructive testing method, and properties of cement grouts. The construction-oriented papers report on innovations per- formed on particular projects which could have broad application to the dam, tunneling, and rehabilitation industries. This volume reflects the overall theme which permeated the sess
11、ions: the need for much more academic and applied research in the grouting industry. With this in mind, Committee 552 has undertaken the difficult task of preparing a state-of-the-art report on cement grouting. Committee 552 thanks the authors for sharing their experi- ences through their papers, co
12、mmittee members who reviewed the papers, Leon Glassgold of TAC who was instrumental in founding and steering the committee, and the AC1 staff who helped organize the sessions and prepare this volume. Joseph P. Welsh, Editor Chairman, Committee 552 iii COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete I
13、nstitute)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesAC1 SP-83 89 W Ob62797 0013897 2 W AC1 Committee 552 Cement Grouting Joseph P. Welsh, Chairman John C. King, Vice Chairman Gregory Perlin, Secretary Henry A. Bache George O. Bergemann Marvin A. Cones Raymond Cope Doring C. Dah1 Luther W. Davidson Don
14、ald U. Deere Edward D. Graf Peter J. Huck Martin C. Jones Philip D. Jory Reuben H. Karol Thomas J, Lamb F. Edward Linck Gary R. Mass Katharine Mather William R. Nash Daniel P. Ross Della M. Roy Peter Yen I I iv COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling
15、 ServicesI I AC1 SP-3 4 Obb29LI7 0033848 Y I- l CONTENTS PREFACE. . iii t By Pierre-Claude Aitcin, G. Ballivy, and R. Parizeau 1 i ! THE USE OF CONDENSED SILICA FUME IN GROUTS ! i . i DESIGN AND PRESTRESS GROUTING OF A CONCRETE LINED HIGH PRESSURE TUNNEL AT DRAKENSBERG By Luigi P. Gonano and John C.
16、 Sharp 19 : CHANGES IN LENGTH AND VOLUME OF CEMENTITIOUS GROUTS By Della M. Roy, M. Perez, B. E. Scheetz, and P. H. Licastro43 DRILLED PIER FOUNDATION REHABILITATION USING CEMENT GROUTING By Charles V, Logie . 61 USES OF ACOUSTIC EMISSIONS AS A NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHOD TO MONITOR GROUTING 1 t !
17、 By Robert M. Koerner, James D. Leaired, and Joseph P. Welsh . 85 i I ! LOW SLUMP COMPACTIVE TAIL SHIELD GROUTING IN SOFT GROUND, SHIELD DRIVEN TUNNELS By John G. Ruggiero 103 INFLUENCE OF BENTONITE CEMENT ON THE PUMPABILITY OF COMPACTION GROUTS I i By Roy Borden and Daniel M. Groome . 115 ULTRAFINE
18、 CEMENT PRESSURE GROUTING TO CONTROL GROUND WATER IN FRACTURED GRANITE ROCK By David W. Moller, Henry L. Minch, and Joseph P. Welsh 129 LAKE DAM, MONTANA By Peter Yen. 153 COLD WEATHER CEMENT GROUTING AND POST TENSIONING-HAUSER SI (Metric) TABLES .173 INDEX, . 175 V COPYRIGHT ACI International (Amer
19、ican Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling Services- AC1 SP-3 4 m Obb2747 0013Lt7 b m SP 83-1 The Use of Condensed Silica Fume in Grouts By Pierre-Claude Aitcin, G. Ballivy, and R. Parizeau I I I ! ! I Synopsis: Condensed silica fume is a by-product of the fabrication of silicon of qui
20、te pure silica having an average diameter of 0.1 pm. a very reactive pozzolan that has been found to increase drastically the compressive strength of concrete and to reduce significantly its permeability. The unique properties of condensed silica fume can also be used ad- vantageously in grouts if c
21、ondensed silica fume is used in combina- tion with a superplasticizer. The very fine silica particles give Stability to the grout, there is no sedimentation of the cement particles and no bleeding. By adjusting the respective proportions of portland cement, of condensed silica fume,and of the superp
22、las- ticizer a thixotropic grout can be made. The hardened grout is stronger and less porous when it contains condensed silica fume because the lime liberated during the hydra- tion of portland cement reacts with the very fine silica particles to form a compact secondary CSH. leaching out of the lim
23、e is practically suppressed and the resis- tance of the grout to chemical atack should be improved. or ferrosilicon alloys. It is composed of very fine glassy spheres 1 It is I 1 By this way the possibility of Keywords: PYiscosity; water-cement ratio. bleeding (concrete); compressive strength; grout
24、; lasticizers; porosity; pozzolans; shrinkage; silica; thixotropy 1 COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesAC1 SP-3 8i.I Obb27i.I 0033850 2 M I 2 Aitcin, Ballivy and Parizeau ! ! i P.-C. Aytcin is professor of civil engineering at the Univer
25、sity of Sherbrooke, P.Q. Canada. He has been working for the last sixteen years on the recycling of industrial by-products in cement and concrete (slags, fly ashes, condensed silica fume, mine tai 1 ings , etc. ) G. Ballivy is professor of civil engineering at the same University. His main research
26、field is rock mechanics. He has been working on the different aspects of anchoring of rocks and cables in diams and underground constructions. sently completing a master degree on the use of condensed silica fume on grouts. His main research field is concrete technology. R. Parizeau is a graduate st
27、udent at the same University. He is pre- COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesAC1 SP-3 4 Ob62747 OOL385L LI - Condensed Silica Fume 3 INTRODUCTION Condensed silica fume is a new pozzolanic material that starts to be used currently in the c
28、ement and concrete industry (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). a by-product of the silicon and ferrosilicon industry. During the reduction of quartz by coal in the submerged electric arc furnace, Si0 vapors are formed. oxidized when in contact with the oxygen of the air,and condensate in the form of very fine particl
29、es of amorphous silica. diameter of about 0.10 to 0.15 pm (Fig. 1) that is fifty to hundred times finer than cement particles (6) (Fig. 21. It is Some of these vapors escape through the burden of the furnace, are These particles have a mean The specific surface area of CO - Condensed silica fumes ar
30、e currently used in addition to cement or in substitution of certain amount of cement in percentage in between 5 to 15 percent of the cement weight in concrete. This results in mixes where there is practically no bleeding or segregation due to the changes in the rheology of the mortar paste. When it
31、 is used in addition the compressive strength of such concrete is greatly increased. When it is used in substitution to pro- duce a given 28day compressive strength,condensed silica fume can replace 3 to 4 times its cement weight (7). Condensed silica fume reacts quite rapidly for a pozzolanic mater
32、ial with the lime liberated during the hydration of portland cement to form an amorphous-like CSH (8). decrease of the total porosity of concrete containing condensed silica fume as well as in a refinement of this porosity (9, 10) and a decrease of the per- meability of the concrete (11). perties of
33、 condensed silica fume could be used advantageously to overcome some densed silica fume measured by nitrogen adsorption is about 15 to 20 O00 m i! /g. (Fig. 3). This pozzolanic reaction results in a In the present research work,we have tried to find if the unique pro- problems that are normally enco
34、untered when dealing with grouts, i .e: - stability of the grout (sedimentation of cement particles in the water) - existence of an open porosity favouring the penetration of aggressive chemicals - possibility of the leaching of the lime present in the hydrated grout. We have also tried to find if a
35、 thixotropic grout could be made using cement, condensed silica fume and a superplasticizer, that is a grout which is fluid when agitated but sticky when at rest, in order to solve the problem of the grouting of roof anchor bolt holes. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE All the grouts that contain condensed sil
36、ica fume will be compared to a COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling Services AC1 SP-83 84 m Obb29Lt9 00113852 b , Si02 A1203 Fe203 Ca0 MgO Na20 K20 C 92.1 0.25 0.8 0.20 0.20 0.16 0.96 2.5 4 Aitcin, Ballivy and Parizeau L.O.I. 2.8 ! i reference gro
37、ut made with a Type 1 cement, having a waterlcement ratio of 0.4 and that does not contain any additive. fumes coming from furnaces producing silicon and a ferrosilicon alloy contain- ing 75 percent silicon. The condensed silica fume used was a mixture of two condended silica It had the following ch
38、emical composition. When dealing with grouts containing condensed silica fume, the water/ cement ratio has to be changed for the water/cementitious ratio, that is the water to (cement + silica) ratio expressed in terms of mass. In all the ca- ses the condensed silica fume dosage will be given as the
39、 percentage of the total mass of the cementitious particles (cement + silica). Although the commercial superplasticizer that has been used was in a liquid form, all the superplasticizer dosages will be given as a percentage of their solid particles to the mass of cementitious particles, The super- p
40、lasticizer used was a condensate of naphthalene formaldehyde. INFLUENCE OF CONDENSED SILICA FUME ON THE INITIAL PROPERTIES OF THE FRESH GROUT The influence of condensed silica fume in the initial properties of the fresh grout has been studied in terms of viscosity, thixotropy and bleeding. Synchro-L
41、ectric typeviscosimeter. (Fig. 4), and will be expressed as a per- centage of the initial viscosity of the reference grout that was equal to 0.8 Pa.s (800 centipoises.) This method has been already used to study the rheo- logical properties of cement mixes (12). It can been seen in (Fig. 5) that the
42、 introduction of condensed silica fume. in a grout increases drastically its initial viscosity. The higher the condensed silica fume dosage the higher the increase. In the same Figure it can be seen that the use of a superplasticizer can decrease drastically the viscosity of a grout whether or not i
43、t contains condensed si- lica fume. However, the action of the superplasticizer is more effective on the reference grout than in the grouts containing condensed silica fume, There exists for each condensed silica fume dosage a superplasticizer dosage after which any addition of superplasticizer does
44、 not decrease anjmore the viscosity of the grout. Viscosity - - The viscosity of the grouts has been measured with a Initial viscosity - - For example, the initial viscosity of grout containing 10 percent con- densed silica fume can be decreased to 30 percent of the viscosity of the pe- ference grou
45、t by using l percent of superplasticizer. To reach the same COPYRIGHT ACI International (American Concrete Institute)Licensed by Information Handling ServicesAC1 SP-3 4 m Obb2947 0033853 = - Condensed Silica Fume 5 initial viscosity in the reference grout a superplasticizer dosage of 0.47 percent wo
46、uld have been sufficient and a dosage of 0.8 percent for a 5 percent condensed silica fume dosage. However, if a condensed silica fume dosage of 20 percent is used ,the viscosity of the grout cannot be less than 60 percent of the initial viscosity. Variation of the viscosity with time - - The variat
47、ion of the visco- sity of 5 different grouts has been observed for the first two hours. The results of this experiment have been plotted in (Fig. 6). In this Figure,it can be seen that during the first 10 minutes the viscosity of the reference grout increases rapidly (it practically doubles) , then
48、the viscosity stays unchanged for 1 hour after which it increases progressively for 2 hours. that have an initial viscosity about the same as the reference grout,it In the two grouts containing 10 and 20 percent of condensed silica fume can be seen that there is no lonoer a plateau. rapidly in spite
49、 of the presence of the superplasticizer, 1 hour the grouts are quite stiff. However, if the initial viscosity of the grout containing condensed silica fume is adjusted to 30 percent of the initial viscosity of the referen- ce grout,it can be seen in the same Figure that after 2 hours its viscosity is equal to that of the reference grout and no more higher than the one of the superplasticized reference grout of the same initial viscosity. The viscosity increase? ouite After a period of Thixotropy - - Grouts made by mixing cement and water are sligh
