1、Standard Practice for Evaluating the Engineering and Environmental Suitability of Recycled Materials AASHTO Designation: R 65-141American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-5b R 65-1 AASHTO Standard Practice fo
2、r Evaluating the Engineering and Environmental Suitability of Recycled Materials AASHTO Designation: R 65-1411. SCOPE 1.1. This practice is to provide a general evaluation framework for assessing the feasibility to use recycled materials in the highway environment. 1.2. This document was developed u
3、sing the Framework for Evaluating Use of Recycled Materials in the Highway Environment. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Resolution: PR-14-01, Use of Recycled Materials 2.2. FHWA Reports: FHWA-RD-00-140, Framework for Evaluating Use of Recycled Materials in the Highway Environment FHWA-RD-97-148,
4、 User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Materials in Pavement Construction 3. GENERAL PROVISIONS 3.1. It is recommended that the User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Materials in Pavement Construction be referred to before using this practice, as many common recycled materials for highway uses h
5、ave already been evaluated with this method and are documented in the User Guidelines. 3.2. AASHTO resolution PR-14-01, Use of Recycled Materials, encourages the use of recycled materials in transportation applications where engineering, economic, and environmental conditions warrant their use. 4. S
6、UMMARY OF THE PRACTICE 4.1. The evaluation framework is illustrated in a flowchart format as shown in Figure 1. There are five steps in the framework and three screening stages. The framework provides for combining or skipping steps if it is clear that such action is appropriate. The framework also
7、provides, as part of the stepwise evaluation process, the means to modify or beneficiate materials that do not meet criteria so that there is an opportunity to revise the application based on new data obtained during the evaluation process. 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Trans
8、portation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-5b R 65-2 AASHTO 4.2. Framework LimitationsThis document is an attempt to provide an overall comprehensive evaluation framework that decision makers can use in evaluating recycled material use in highway applic
9、ations. Although much progress has been made in the development of these procedures, the complexity associated with defining evaluation procedures and criteria demands that the evaluator select the best test methods and criteria subject to local conditions and that the criteria and test methods pres
10、ented be continually updated as new information is made available. The multidisciplinary engineering and environmental efforts involved in implementing the steps outlined in the framework will require that state engineering and environmental agencies forge cooperative efforts, pooling the necessary
11、resources to undertake the evaluation effort. Only through such cooperative efforts can the complex issues that need to be addressed receive proper attention and ensure the appropriate use of recycled materials in the highway environment. Figure 1Evaluation Framework Flow Process 5. PROCEDURE 5.1. S
12、tep 1Select Material and ApplicationThe first step in the framework process is to select a material and a specific application (e.g., use blast furnace slag in embankment construction) that will be evaluated. 5.2. Step 2Define and Evaluate IssuesThe second step is to collect all relevant information
13、 that can provide input into the decision-making process. This includes, for the material and its proposed application, all related historical data; engineering and material property data; environmental, health, and safety data; implementation constraints; recycling issues; and economic issues. 2016
14、 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-5b R 65-3 AASHTO The purpose of this step is to define all issues that may warrant more detailed examination and, in particular, those issues that may be p
15、roblematic insofar as approval of the material for use may be concerned. A flowchart that can be used to identify the key issues in any material-application proposal is presented in Figure 2. Recommended checklists to ensure that the proper information is collected for such an evaluation are provide
16、d in Tables 1 through 6. Figure 2Issues Flowchart 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-5b R 65-4 AASHTO Table 1History and Previous Experience Questions General Area General QuestionsaHist
17、ory 1. Has the recycled material been used anywhere? If so, identify uses. Y N 2. Is information available about the source of the recycled material? If so, collect it. Y N 3. Has this recycled material been previously used for transportation applications? If so, identify applications. Y N 4. Has th
18、is recycled material been used in geographically diverse locations? If so, identify locations. Y N 5. Has this recycled material been used previously in a similar application? If so, identify location. Y N 6. Has this recycled material been used in other agencies? If so, identify these agencies. Y N
19、 7. Have other agencies approved for this use? If so, identify these agencies. Y N Previous Experience 1. Is information available about important prior experiences (previous use, prior objections, and similarity with other materials)? If so, collect the information. Y N 2. Are there experts availab
20、le to discuss prior experiences? This can include regulators, scientists, practitioners, waste generators, and associations. If so, contact the experts. Y N 3. Is there any published literature about prior experiences? If so, obtain the information. Y N aY = Yes, N = No Table 2Engineering and Materi
21、al Properties Questions General Area General QuestionsaEngineering 1. Is information available about the engineering properties of the recycled material? This could include information about gradation, bulk density, durability, and compaction data. If so, collect the pertinent information. Y N 2. Is
22、 the recycled material appropriately characterized with respect to time-dependent engineering properties? This could include time-dependent variation in gradation, bulk density, durability, and compaction. If so, collect the pertinent information. Y N 3. For the proposed application, are there appro
23、priate engineering criteria for the product? This could include durability, grain size, and compaction requirements. If so, collect the pertinent criteria. Y N 4. Is engineering information available about important prior experiences (previous use, prior performance criteria, and similarity with oth
24、er materials)? If so, assemble the pertinent information. Y N Material Properties 1. Is information available about the material properties of the recycled material? This could include information about loss on ignition, mineralogy, and pozzolanic activity of the waste material. If so, summarize the
25、 data. Y N 2. Is the recycled material appropriately characterized with respect to time-dependent materials properties? If so, summarize the data. Y N 3. For the proposed application, are there appropriate material properties criteria for the product? If so, identify the criteria. Y N aY = Yes, N =
26、No 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-5b R 65-5 AASHTO Table 3Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Properties Questions General Area General QuestionsaEnvironmental 1. Is information
27、available about the environmental properties of the recycled material? This could include information about total elemental composition, total available elemental composition, and volatile and semi-volatile organics composition data. If so, collect the pertinent information. Y N 2. Is the recycled m
28、aterial appropriately characterized with respect to time-dependent environmental properties? This could include time-dependent variation in total elemental composition, total available elemental composition, and volatile and semi-volatile organic composition. If so, collect the pertinent information
29、. Y N 3. For the proposed application, are there appropriate environmental criteria for the product? This could include leaching data, total content data, particle size, etc. If so, collect the pertinent criteria. Y N 4. Is environmental information available about important prior experiences (previ
30、ous use, prior performance criteria, and similarity with other materials)? If so, assemble the pertinent information. Y N 5. Have there been any environmental assessments undertaken relative to the use of the proposed material? If so, summarize the information. Y N Public Health 1. Are there any Mat
31、erial Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for the recycled materials? If so, collect the sheets. Y N 2. Have there been health risk assessments (HRA) undertaken relative to the proposed use of the material? If so, summarize the information. Y N Safety 1. Have there been prior Occupational Safety and Health Ad
32、ministration (OSHA) issues for generation, processing, storage, and use in previous efforts? If so, summarize the information. Y N aY = Yes, N = No Table 4Implementation Issue Questions General Area General QuestionsaImplementation 1. Are there any apparent political constraints? If so, describe the
33、m. Y N U 2. Are there any apparent regulatory constraints? If so, describe them. Y N U 3. Are there any apparent public acceptability constraints? If so, describe them. Y N U aY = Yes, N = No, U = Unknown Table 5Recycling Issue Questions General Area General QuestionsaRecycling 1. Are there likely r
34、ecycling or life-cycle issues? If so, identify them. Y N U 2. Has the recycled material or its application been reused within other areas of the highway environment? If so, identify them. Y N U aY = Yes, N = No, U = Unknown Table 6Economic Issue Question General Area General QuestionaEconomic 1. Are
35、 there any apparent economic constraints? If so, identify them. Y N U aY = Yes, N = No, U = Unknown 5.3. Step 3Stage 1 Screening EvaluationThe third step in the process is a Stage 1 screen. The purpose of a Stage 1 screen is to determine whether the data collected in Step 2 are sufficient to approve
36、 (or reject) the proposed application without additional study. A Stage 1 approval means that the evaluator has a high degree of certainty that there is sufficient information to justify acceptance of the proposed material and application. This typically involves demonstrating that the proposed mate
37、rial is sufficiently similar to reference materials that have been used successfully to warrant approval. A Stage 1 screen should include an assessment of all existing data pertaining to engineering data; environmental, health, and safety data; recycling issues; implementation concerns; political is
38、sues; and economic issues to ensure that the data are sufficient to permit a responsible decision. Recommended screening checklists with evaluation criteria are presented in Tables 7 through 11. 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Dupl
39、ication is a violation of applicable law.TS-5b R 65-6 AASHTO Table 7Stage 1 Engineering Screening Checklist Parameter Test Method Evaluation CriteriaaMaterial Source Determine whether the proposed material is generated from similar source materials and the same process or operation as the reference
40、material. 1. Will the quality of feedstock materials to be used in the production or generation of the proposed material be sufficiently similar to that used to produce or generate the reference material so that the engineering properties of the proposed material will not be significantly impacted a
41、nd will still be comparable to the reference material? Y N U 2. Will the operating conditions associated with the production or generation of the proposed material be sufficiently similar to those of the reference material so that the engineering properties of the proposed material will not be signi
42、ficantly impacted and will still be comparable to the reference material? Y N U 3. Will the post-production operations (e.g., material processing, handling, and storage) associated with the production or generation of the proposed material be sufficiently similar to the reference material so that th
43、e engineering properties of the proposed material will not be significantly impacted and will still be comparable to the reference material? Y N U Engineering Properties Assess whether there are sufficient data to compare the engineering properties of the proposed material and the reference material
44、, and whether the respective properties are sufficiently similar to approve the proposed material for use. 1. Are appropriate engineering property data available for both the proposed and the reference materials, and are the data reliable? Y N U 2. Can it be determined that the proposed and the refe
45、rence materials have statistically similar engineering properties that are in conformance with the specifications of the proposed application, and are they comparable? Y N U Field Performance Determine whether the reported historical data for the reference material provided give reasonable assurance
46、 that the proposed material will provide satisfactory performance in the intended application. 1. Is there a sufficient and reliable historical performance record available? Y N U 2. Are there experienced personnel available with whom to review the results of the historical performance data, and hav
47、e the above-referenced contacts provided positive feedback regarding the application? Y N U 3. Are the historical performance data of the material sufficient to warrant a Stage 1 approval? Y N U aY = Yes, N = No, U = Unknown 2016 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offici
48、als. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-5b R 65-7 AASHTO Table 8Stage 1 Environmental, Health, and Safety Screening Checklist Parameter Test Method Evaluation Criteria Material Source Determine whether the proposed material is generated from similar source materials
49、 and the same process or operation as the reference material. 1. Will the quality of feedstock materials to be used in the production or generation of the proposed material be sufficiently similar to that used to produce or generate the reference material so that the environmental properties of the proposed material will not be significantly impacted and will still be comparable to the reference material? Y N U 2. Will the operating conditions associated with the production or generation of the proposed material be sufficiently similar to those of the referen
