1、StandardAIAA S-111A-2014 (Revision of S-111-2005) Qualification and Quality Requirementsfor Space Solar CellsAIAA standards are copyrighted by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4344 USA. All rights reserved. AIAA grants you a l
2、icense as follows: The right to download an electronic file of this AIAA standard for storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of the AIAA standard for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the hard copy print may be reproduced in any way. In addition, the
3、electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. The hard copy print may only be distributed to other employees for their internal use within your organization. AIAA S-111A-2014 (Revision of AIAA S-111-2005) Standard Qualification and Quality Requirements for Spa
4、ce Solar Cells Sponsored by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Approved June 2014 Abstract This standard establishes qualification, characterization, and quality requirements for all solar cells intended for operations in space. It defines terminology and establishes standard tests,
5、environmental conditions, procedures, and systematic methods for verifying the capability of a photovoltaic solar cell device to operate in the environment of space. This standard is intended to be used to establish the minimum level of testing required to demonstrate that a solar cell type will ope
6、rate in a predictable and understood manner. Success and failure criteria are defined for each qualification test. For the characterization tests, sufficient data is collected to predict electrical performance and behavior as a function of pertinent operational and environmental parameters. AIAA S-1
7、11A-2014 ii Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191 Copyright 2014 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system o
8、r otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-1-62410-280-6AIAA S-111A-2014 iii Contents Foreword v Introduction vii 1 Scope 1 2 Tailoring . 1 3 Applicable Documents . 1 4 Vocabulary 2 5 Summary of Qualification and Characterization
9、Tests . 4 6 Test Requirements 5 6.1 Sample Selection 5 6.2 Solar Simulation 5 6.3 Electrical Test 5 7 Qualification Tests . 5 7.1 Solar Cell Weld or Solder Test 5 7.2 Solar Cell Integration Test . 7 7.3 Cell-Level Humidity Test 10 8 Characterization Tests 12 8.1 Electron Radiation Effects . 12 8.2 P
10、roton Radiation Effects 13 8.3 Bend Test 15 8.4 Breaking Load Determination 16 8.5 Light I-V Characterization for Multiple Temperatures 17 8.6 Quantum Efficiency . 18 8.7 Dark I-V Characterization 18 8.8 Capacitance Effects 19 8.9 Solar Cell Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity (ESDS) Test . 19 8.10
11、Accelerated Life Test . 20 9 Quality Requirements . 20 9.1 Performance 20 9.2 Solar Cell Reliability 20 9.3 Certification of Conformance . 21 9.4 Lot Identification and Traceability 21 9.5 Test Equipment Maintenance and Calibration System 21 9.6 Incoming, In-process, and Outgoing Inventory Control .
12、 21 9.7 Process Control . 21 AIAA S-111A-2014 iv 9.8 Environmental Controls . 22 9.9 Conformance of Production Solar Cells to Qualified Product 22 9.10 Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity Program 22 9.11 Reworked Solar Cells 22 9.12 Design Construction and Process Change Control Procedures 23 10 Cri
13、tical Materials 23 10.1 Scope 23 10.2 Requirements 23 11 Reporting Requirements 23 11.1 Reports to be Produced. 23 11.2 Qualification Report . 23 11.3 Characterization Report. 24 11.4 Quality Report . 24 11.5 Delta Qualification Report 25 12 Bibliography . 25 Tables Table 1 Summary of qualification
14、and characterization tests . 4 Table 2 Electron energies and fluences 13 Table 3 Suggested proton energies . 15 AIAA S-111A-2014 v Foreword AIAA Standard S-111-2005, Qualification and Quality Requirements for Space Solar Panels, was originally developed to provide a “gold standard” for space solar c
15、ell qualification, with provisions included to supplement industry standards for quality. In this revised version of the standard, effort and care has been taken to update, clarify and resolve controversial provisions that were present in the original. The result is a new standard that the Solar Cel
16、ls and Solar Panels Committee on Standards has developed and reached consensus that defines the best practices for space solar cell qualification. At the time of the 2014 revision, the members of the AIAA Solar Cells and Solar Panels CoS were: Henry Brandhorst (Chair) Carbon-Free Energy, LLC Robert
17、W. Francis (Co-Chair) Aerospace Corporation Edward Gaddy (Co-Chair) Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Amalia Aviles The Boeing Company Scott Billets Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company Robert Bornino National Technical Systems Marc Breen The Boeing Company Ben Cho Emcore Corporat
18、ion James Hall Qioptiq Space Technology Bao Hoang Space Systems/Loral Glenn Jones Qioptiq Space Technology Bongim Jun Boeing-Spectrolab Mark Kruer Northrop Grumman Aerospace John Lyons Goddard Space Flight Center John Martin Qioptiq Space Technology Scott Messenger Naval Research Laboratory Nikki No
19、ushkam Orbital Sciences Corporation Tod Redick Space Systems/Loral Brad Reed Consultant Luis Rodriguez Space and Missile Systems Center Dennis Russell Boeing Radiation Effects Laboratory Paul Sharps Emcore Corporation Brian Smith Aerospace Corporation Jared Smith Space and Missile Systems Center Cha
20、rles Suh The Boeing Company C. M. Chantal Toporow Northrop Grumman Space Technology Brian Wells XEEL Corporation AIAA S-111A-2014 vi The above consensus body approved this document for publication in June 2014. The AIAA Standards Executive Council (VP-Standards, Laura McGill, Chairperson) accepted t
21、his document for publication in June 2014. The AIAA Standards Procedures dictates that all approved Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides are advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. There is no agreement to adhere to any AIAA standards publicatio
22、n and no commitment to conform to or be guided by standards reports. In formulating, revising, and approving standards publications, the committees on standards will not consider patents that may apply to the subject matter. Prospective users of the publications are responsible for protecting themse
23、lves against liability for infringement of patents or copyright or both. AIAA S-111A-2014 vii Introduction The purpose for this document is to provide a high level of confidence to the community that a solar cell type is qualified for space applications, and that it is ready for qualification under
24、AIAA-S-112A-2013 Qualification and Quality Requirements for Electrical Components on Space Solar Panels. Bypass diodes, interconnects, covers, and adhesive are not completely qualified by this Standard. Nonetheless, any failure of these components exposed by tests required by this Standard must be r
25、eported. In addition, the qualifier must investigate the component failure, determine its cause and take corrective action. The qualifier must also evaluate the component failure with respect to its effect on the cell qualification. The goal of this document is to standardize testing protocols withi
26、n the industry that uses, builds, and performs research on space solar cells. The tests included are perceptive to problems seen both in ground testing and on-orbit, and are the first step in including a “test like you fly” protocol in the space solar cell industry. As ground rules for inclusion in
27、this standard, tests had to have been previously documented; experimental tests were disallowed and test equipment had to be available in at least one facility. The order of test execution in this standard was set up to be as close to the sequence of solar cell and panel build, storage, integration
28、and flight as possible. AIAA S-111A-2014 1 1 Scope This document establishes qualification and quality requirements for crystalline silicon and gallium arsenide-based single and multiple junction solar cell types for space applications. This includes requirements for solar cell manufacturer quality
29、systems and for characterization of solar cells. Requirements for acceptance testing of lots are not defined in the current version of this document. Qualification is required when introducing a new solar cell design. Delta qualification is required when making modifications to the materials and pro
30、cesses used to manufacture a qualified cell. If the materials and process changes are limited, these may be considered and evaluated for the scope of a delta qualification. The delta qualification must be based on how the changes might affect the performance and reliability of the cell. The justific
31、ation for the delta qualification and a detailed description of the changes must be documented per section 11.5, Delta Qualification Report. A change to the lateral dimensions of a qualified cell type does not require delta qualification or re-qualification. 2 Tailoring Unless otherwise specified, t
32、his document may not be tailored. 3 Applicable Documents The following documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard. Amendments to, or revisions of, any of these documents do not apply. This standard takes precedence in the event of a co
33、nflict between it, the documents cited below, and other documents. ANSI/NCSL Z540.1-1994 Calibration Laboratories and Measuring and Test EquipmentGeneral Requirements ASTM C1161 Standard Test Methods for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature ASTM C1239-07 Standard Practice fo
34、r Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Ceramics ASTM C1683-10 Standard Practice for Size Scaling of Tensile Strengths Using Weibull Statistics for Advanced Ceramics ASTM E490 Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass Solar Spectral Irradiance Notwithsta
35、nding the above, the latest version of this document applies. ASTM E595-93(2003)e2 Standard Test Method for Total Mass Loss and Collected Volatile Condensable Materials from Outgassing in a Vacuum Environment ASTM E927-10 Standard Specification for Solar Simulation for Photovoltaic Testing EIA 557 (
36、1995) Statistical Process Control Systems EIA 625 Requirements for Handling Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive Devices Jet Propulsion Laboratory Solar Cell Radiation Handbook, Third edition Publication 82-69 AIAA S-111A-2014 2 Jet Propulsion Laboratory GaAs Solar Cell Radiation Handbook and JPL publi
37、cation 82-69, Publication 96-9 Solar Cell Radiation Handbook, Third edition MIL-STD-750F Department of Defense Test Method Standard: Test Methods for Semiconductor Devices Progress in Photovoltaics: Modeling Solar Cell Degradation in Space: A Comparison Research and Applications, of the NRL Displace
38、ment Damage Dose and the JPL Vol. 9, 2001, pp. 103-121 Equivalent Fluence Approaches, S. R. Messenger, et al. 4 Vocabulary For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. Air Mass Zero (AM0) the absence of atmospheric attenuation of the solar irradiance per ASTM E490 As
39、tronomical Unit (AU) the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun, that is, 149,597,890 500 km Control limit the maximum allowable variation of a process characteristic due to common causes alone NOTE 1 Variation beyond a control limit may be evidence that special causes are affecting the process
40、. NOTE 2 Control limits are calculated from process data and are usually represented as a line (or lines) on a control chart. Coverglass an optically clear component affixed to the active side of a solar cell, typically used to provide radiation shielding and increase emissivity NOTE A coverglass ma
41、y have coatings to enhance solar cell performance. Coverglass-interconnect-cell assembly (CIC) an assembly consisting of a solar cell, interconnect, coverglass, and bypass diode, if present Current at the maximum power point (Imp) the current a solar cell generates at its maximum power point Failure
42、 in time (FIT) the expected number of component failures per 109hours NOTE The FIT rate is a method of specifying component reliability. Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) an analytical technique used as a means to assure that potential failure modes and their associated causes/mechanisms hav
43、e been considered and addressed Interconnect a conductive component designed to electrically connect one solar cell to another, or a solar cell to an electrical bus point Life-cycle coupon a panel sample, built with processes, materials, and components that are flight qualified or proposed for fligh
44、t qualification NOTE A coupon consists of a minimum of MSC solar cells and associate components. AIAA S-111A-2014 3 Lot accumulation an accumulation of cells that are categorized as a lot for further processing Major change a change that may affect form, fit, or function of the space-qualified solar
45、 cell Maximum power point (Pmp) the maximum electric power that can be generated by a solar cell, CIC, or string Minor change a change that will not affect form, fit, or function of the space-qualified solar cell MSC minimum sample count n-factor an empirically determined parameter that describes th
46、e nonlinear relationship between the energy dependence of the relative damage coefficients (RDCs) and the calculated non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL) for electrons Open circuit voltage (Voc) the electric potential across the terminals of a solar cell, CIC, or string at zero current Short circuit curr
47、ent (Isc) the current measured between the terminals of a solar cell, CIC, or string at zero voltage Simulated air mass zero the output achieved from a solar simulator calibrated to air mass zero (AM0) with a standard, flown at high altitude, of the same type as the solar cell(s) being tested Solar
48、cell a semiconductor device that produces electric power when illuminated Solar cell efficiency the percent ratio of the electrical power per unit of total area that a solar cell produces at 28C to one solar constant, which is determined by the latest version of ASTM E490 Solar cell type a set of so
49、lar cells so similar in design and construction as to be indistinguishable from each other in terms of nominal power produced per unit area and degradation subsequent to any environmental exposure NOTE A solar cell type is distinct in that it has a design that consists of a unique combination of epitaxy metallization materials and coatings. Solar constant the total solar irradiance at normal incidence on a surface in free space at the Earths mean distance from the Sun (1AU) Specification limits the requirements for judging acceptability of a partic
