1、Color Microforms Approved As American National Standards Institute (ANSI) June 5,2000 A Publication of iiM Internat iona I 1100 Wayne Avenue Suite 1100 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 USA Tel: 301-587-8202 www.aiim.org ANSIIAIIM TR9-2000 Technical Report for Information and Image Management - Color Mi
2、croforms An American National Technical Report prepared by the Association for Information and Image Management Approved as an American National Technical Report June 5,2000 Abstract: This technical report discusses equipment, supplies, suggested practices, and the special considerations regarding t
3、he production of all types of full-color microforms. ANSI/AIIM TR9-2000 - TECHNICAL REPORT - COLOR MICROFORMS Contents 1 Scope and purpose . 1 2 References . 1 2.1 Referenced American National Standards 1 2.2 Referenced international standards . 2 . 2 2.4 Related standards . 3 2.5 Related publicatio
4、ns . . 3 3 Definitions . . rocess . 7 . 7 4.5 Alternatives . 7 . 7 . 5.4.1 Structure . 8 5.4.2 Safety base . 8 5.5.1 Antihalation styles . 5.5.2 Direct positive film . 5.6.2 Protective coating . 9 5.6.3 Durability / longevity . 6 Exposure . . 9 5.4.3 Strength and stability . 5.5 Antihalation protect
5、ion . 9 . 6.1.5 Coated lenses 6.1.6 Flare . . 12 6.1.7 Operating voltage fluctuation . 12 6.1.8 Filter factors . 12 . 7.1 Standards st generation . . 13 7.2 Format for small dimensioned transparencies . . 13 7.2.1 For microfiche . . 14 . 14 7.3 Large documents . . 7.4 Reduction ratios . . . 15 8.2.1
6、 Chromogenic process . 15 8.2.2 Silver-dye bleach process . . 15 8.3 Potential damage during processing . 16 ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAQE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL I ANSIIAIIM TR9-2000 . TECHNICAL REPORT . COLOR MICROFORMS 8.3.1 Foreign particles 16 8.3.2 Scratches . 16 8.4 Processing fac es
7、 and equipment 16 8.5 Residual chemicals /compounds . 16 9 Quality 17 9.1 Definition and sharpnes 9.2 Color duplication quality 9.2.1 Color reproduction . 9.2.2 Color density 17 9.3 Ruled scales 17 9.4 Calibration charts 18 9.5 Resolution targets . 18 9.6 Process and duplication quality . 19 9.6.1 N
8、ewton rings 9.6.2 Drying marks 9.6.3 Moisture mar 9.7 Protective overcoats 20 1 O Duplication 20 10.1 General . 20 10.2 Duplication processes . 20 10.3 Contrast . 20 10.3.1 Measuring viewing conditions 10.3.2 Reduction ratio 10.3.3 Selection of ma 10.4 Diffraction 24 10.5 Blow-back reproductions . 2
9、4 10.5.1 Color enlargements directly from the positive color microfilm . 24 10.5.2 Color enlargements directly from the negative color microfilm 24 11 Storage, handling and preservation 25 11 . 1 Source material and microform file protection 25 11.2 Storage and handling considerations 25 11.2.1 Medi
10、um-term storage conditions . 25 11.2.2 Extended-term storage conditions . 25 11.2.3 General storage considerations . 26 11.2.4 Control of insect and microorganism damage to color film 26 11.2.5 Packaging 27 Annexes Annex A . Film types and manufacturers recommended chemical processes suitable for co
11、lor micrographics 28 Annex B . Dye stability / life expectancy 29 Annex C . Use of color microforms . 30 II ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL ANSI/AIIM TR9-2000 - TECHNICAL REPORT - COLOR MICROFORMS Foreword Copy processes used in color micrographics and throughout the m
12、icrographics industry are used for the preservation and subsequent reproduction of color source materials. These materials include both colored and color-coded documents such as maps, charts, graphic materials, industrial and commercial catalogs, educational materials, engineering schematics, wiring
13、 diagrams, and a variety of other subjects. The microrecording in color of color source materials has been attempted since the origins of commercially applied microfilm because such documents lose information content when recorded on black-and-white materials. Until quite recently, material and proc
14、edure technology used for color micrographics had not progressed to a level that would permit the majority of the above-mentioned subjects to be microfilmed in color. Improvements in optical technology, reproduction and duplication procedures, and the resolution capability, long-term keeping propert
15、ies and dye stability of color microfilms (see Annex B) have added considerable breadth to the capabilities of color processes. Thus, there has been a corresponding growth of interest in color micrographics, its technology, advantages, and its present and future applications. This technical report o
16、utlines the present status of commercially available color microfilm processes, technologies and techniques, and will be revised as appropriate to keep abreast of the new materials and equipment introduced to handle them. Suggestions for improvement of this technical report are welcome. They should
17、be sent to Chairman, AIIM Standards Board, Association for Information and Image Management, 1100 Wayne Ave., Suite 1100, Silver Spring, MD, 20910. This document was developed under the auspices of the Standards Board which approved it as an AIIM technical report. The Standards Board had the followi
18、ng members at the time it processed and approved this technical report: Name of representative Organization represented Marilyn Wright, Chair AIIM International Robert Breslawski Eastman Kodak Jewel Drass Basil Manns Bell the mechanical, chemical, and environmental requirements; color image reproduc
19、tion; test charts and scales; resolution; use of protective overcoats; contrast; reprographics; and storage, handling, and packaging recommendations. Subsequent discussions provide information concerning technical specifications and recommended processes for films typically used for micrographic app
20、lications, dye stability characteristics, current formats, and use of color microforms. This technical report is intended to be a descriptive and subjective treatise on full-color micrographics technologies and techniques. Hazard I Warning: Some of the chemicals described for use in this technical r
21、eport are toxic or otherwise hazardous. Specific caution, warning and danger notices are given in the text, but, in addition, the normal precautions required for the use of a volatile, flammable, toxic, or corrosive chemical must be exercised at all times. It is recommended that anyone using these c
22、hemicals obtain from the manufacturer pertinent information about the hazards, handling, and use of these chemicals. Such information is usually furnished by the chemical manufacturer in the form of a Material Safety Data Sheet (OSHA Form 20 or equivalent). 2 References All standards are subject to
23、revision. When the following documents are superseded by an approved revision, that revision may apply. 2.1 Referenced American National Standards ANSVAIIM MS14-1988 (R1996), Sfandard recommended pracfice - Specificafions for 16 mm and 35 mm roll microfilm ANSVAIIM MS24-1996, Sfandard fesf fargef fo
24、r use in microfilming source documenf engineering graphics on 35 mm microfilm ANSVAI I M MS26-1990, 35 mm planefary cameras (fop-lighf) - Procedures for defermining illuminafion uniformify for microfilming engineering drawings ANSVAIIM MS37-1988 (AI 996), Recommended pracfice for microphofography of
25、 cartographic maferials ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL 1 ANSIIAIIM TR9-2000 - TECHNICAL REPORT - COLOR MICROFORMS ANSVAIIM MS51-1991 (ANSIAS0 3334-1991), Micrographics - IS0 resolufion fesf char no. 2 - Descripfion and use ANSMSO 5/2-1991, Phofography - Densify measur
26、emenfs - Par 2: Geomefric condifions for fransmission densify ANSMSO 6328-1 982, (ANSI PH2.33-1983), Phofography (maferials) - Mefhod for defermining fhe resolving power of phofographic maferials ANSVNAPM IT9.1-1996 (ANSIAS0 10602-1 995), Imaging maferials - Processed silver-gelafin type black and w
27、hife film - Specificafions for sfabilify ANSVNAPM IT9.2-1991, Imaging media - Phofographic processed films, plafes and papers - Filing enclosures and sforage confainers ANSVNAPM IT9.6-1991, (ANSIAS0 543-1 990 (RI 995), Phofography - Phofographic films - Specificafions for safefy film ANSVNAPM IT9.9-
28、1996, Imaging maferials-Sfabilify of color phofographic images - Mefhods for measuring ANSVNAPM IT9.10-1996 (ANSIAS0 4330-1 994), Imaging maferials - Phofographic film and paper - Deferminafion of curl ANSVNAPM IT9.11-1993, Imaging media - Processed safefy phofographic films - Sforage ANSVNAPM IT9.1
29、7-I 993 (ANSIAS0 41 7-1 993), Phofography - Deferminafion of residual fhiosulfafe and ofher relafed chemicals in processed phofographic maferials - Mefhods using iodine-amylose, mefhylene blue and silver sulfide ANSI PHI 51-1983, Phofography (film) - Micrographic sheef and roll films - Dimensions AN
30、SI PH2.39-1977 (RI 990), Mefhod of measuring fhe phofographic modulafion fransfer funcfion of confinuous-fone black-and-whife phofographic films 2.2 Referenced international standards IS0 5466-1 996, Phofography - Processed safefy phofographic films - Sforage pracfices IS0 6148-1 993, Phofography -
31、Film dimensions - Micrographics IS0 9923-1 994, Micrographics - Transparenf A6 microfiche - Image arrangemenfs IS0 10214-1 991, Phofography - Processed safefy phofographic films - Filing enclosures for sforage 2.3 Referenced publications ANSVAIIM TR2-1998, Technical repor for informafion and image m
32、anagemenf - Glossary of documenf fechnologies Basic Phofographic Sensifomefry Workbook. Kodak Publication No. Z-22-ED, Cat. No. 102-6228. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Company, 1981. 2 ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL ANSI/AIIM TR9-2000 - TECHNICAL REPORT - COLOR MICROFO
33、RMS Drago, F.J.; Granger, E.M.; and Hicks, R.C. Procedures for making color fiche transparencies of maps, charts, and documents. Journal of Imaging Technology 1 l(1): 12-17; 1985 February. Reilly, James M. Sforage Guide for Color Phofographic Maferials. Albany, NY: University of the State of New Yor
34、k. 1998. Sforage and Care of Kodak Phofographic Maferials Before and Affer Processing. Kodak Publication No. E-30, Cat. No. 827-0852. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Company: 1996. Woodlief, Thomas, Jr., ed. SPSE Handbook of Phofographic Science and Engineering. New York, NY: Wiley-lnterscience Publica
35、tion, John Wiley even though the physical properties of a color image differ from those of the subject, a sufficient perceptual similarity is possible. 3.25 thickness. photomechanical filters: Filters of excellent optical quality (power and wedging) and uniform 3.26 secondary color aberration: A col
36、or aberration that remains after color correction has been optimized within a refractive optical system. Secondary color is a term usually applied only to color- corrected lenses. 3.27 spectrum: Radiant energy in an orderly arrangement according to its wavelength or frequency. The practical limits o
37、f the radiant-energy spectrum extend over a range of wavelengths varying from a few femtometers (10-15m) to 1.6 x 10 meters. The frequencies which are visible to the human eye register as hues of red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. The corresponding wavelengths of the visible spectrum range
38、 from 380 to 760 nanometers (IO-m). Often referred to as “light,” the visible spectrum is normally considered to include wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers. 3.28 subtractive printing: In color printing, subtractive printing is the exposure by a single white light or near white light source i
39、lluminant, whose color and intensity is controlled by simultaneously filtering the red, green, and blue parts of the color spectrum. 3.29 ultraviolet-absorbing filter: A filter designed to absorb ultraviolet (200 to 400 nm) and some blue radiations from light sources such as xenon-arc, zirconium-arc
40、, cored carbon-arc, fluorescent, pulsed xenon, and electronic flash. 4 Color microfilm categories 4.1 General There are three major categories of color microfilms: negative-to-positive, reversal, and direct positive. In addition, alternative and auxiliary processes aid in the production of color mic
41、roforms. For virtue of this technical report, color photographic materials can be divided into two categories: negative-working (subject-image polarity is changed) and direct-imaging (polarity is retained). 4.2 Negative-to-positive process Continuous-tone as well as high-contrast black and white mat
42、erials can be used for the production of masters to which filters are added to provide color separations onto duplicate print stock. (See Note in Annex A.) Color negative materials are seldom used as viewer originals, but as negative intermediates. As microform masters (first generation camera origi
43、nals), they are printed onto a second generation print stock to obtain a positive image. Color negative materials provide automatic post-development masking for correction in contact or projection printing. (Masking is required when printing onto negative working, color print materials.) Negative fi
44、lm materials generally have a broader exposure latitude than direct 6 ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL ANSI/AIIM TR9-2000 - TECHNICAL REPORT - COLOR MICROFORMS positive materials, and, therefore, the negative-to-positive color print process can tolerate inaccurate first
45、 generation exposures to a greater extent, and can record longer tonal scale originals. Color print films are used to make positive color copies from color negative materials or from black and white materials printed with color filters. The wide variety of color negative materials available for the
46、recording of both short and long tonal scale originals renders the negative-to-positive color print procedure extremely versatile in regard to contrast manipulation, color balance, and tonal control. 4.3 Reversal process Color reversal materials produce a direct-duplicate image from the original thr
47、ough the use of a chemical reversal process. They can be used as first generation camera originals or as masters in a reversal print duplicating process. When used as a camera original, compensation must be made if the light source differs in color quality from that for which the film is balanced. R
48、eversal films are usually higher in contrast than negative films, but not necessarily higher in contrast than the products of the negative-to-positive process. A limited range of gamma values in these materials is available for the recording of both short and long tonal scale originals. Reversal fil
49、ms generally have narrower exposure latitude than negative films, and are less tolerant of inaccurate exposure. Reversal films are not premasked (due to the intended application as a direct-image film); therefore, certain duplication processes may require masking. 4.4 Direct positive process Direct positive color microfilms produce a direct image from the original without the use of a negative material or of a chemical reversal process. The direct positive technology used in color micrographic film is known as silver-dye bleach (see Section 3, Definitions, direct positive color films).
