1、ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-2: 2006/(R)2014Biological evaluation of medical devices Part 2: Animal welfare requirementsAmerican National StandardObjectives and uses of AAMI standards and recommended practices It is most important that the objectives and potential uses of an AAMI product standard or recommen
2、ded practice are clearly understood. The objectives of AAMIs technical development program derive from AAMIs overall mission: the advancement of medical instrumentation. Essential to such advancement are (1) a continued increase in the safe and effective application of current technologies to patien
3、t care, and (2) the encouragement of new technologies. It is AAMIs view that standards and recommended practices can contribute significantly to the advancement of medical instrumentation, provided that they are drafted with attention to these objectives and provided that arbitrary and restrictive u
4、ses are avoided. A voluntary standard for a medical device recommends to the manufacturer the information that should be provided with or on the product, basic safety and performance criteria that should be considered in qualifying the device for clinical use, and the measurement techniques that can
5、 be used to determine whether the device conforms with the safety and performance criteria and/or to compare the performance characteristics of different products. Some standards emphasize the information that should be provided with the device, including performance characteristics, instructions fo
6、r use, warnings and precautions, and other data considered important in ensuring the safe and effective use of the device in the clinical environment. Recommending the disclosure of performance characteristics often necessitates the development of specialized test methods to facilitate uniformity in
7、 reporting; reaching consensus on these tests can represent a considerable part of committee work. When a drafting committee determines that clinical concerns warrant the establishment of minimum safety and performance criteria, referee tests must be provided and the reasons for establishing the cri
8、teria must be documented in the rationale. A recommended practice provides guidelines for the use, care, and/or processing of a medical device or system. A recommended practice does not address device performance per se, but rather procedures and practices that will help ensure that a device is used
9、 safely and effectively and that its performance will be maintained. Although a device standard is primarily directed to the manufacturer, it may also be of value to the potential purchaser or user of the device as a frame of reference for device evaluation. Similarly, even though a recommended prac
10、tice is usually oriented towards healthcare professionals, it may be useful to the manufacturer in better understanding the environment in which a medical device will be used. Also, some recommended practices, while not addressing device performance criteria, provide guidelines to industrial personn
11、el on such subjects as sterilization processing, methods of collecting data to establish safety and efficacy, human engineering, and other processing or evaluation techniques; such guidelines may be useful to health care professionals in understanding industrial practices. In determining whether an
12、AAMI standard or recommended practice is relevant to the specific needs of a potential user of the document, several important concepts must be recognized: All AAMI standards and recommended practices are voluntary (unless, of course, they are adopted by government regulatory or procurement authorit
13、ies). The application of a standard or recommended practice is solely within the discretion and professional judgment of the user of the document. Each AAMI standard or recommended practice reflects the collective expertise of a committee of health care professionals and industrial representatives,
14、whose work has been reviewed nationally (and sometimes internationally). As such, the consensus recommendations embodied in a standard or recommended practice are intended to respond to clinical needs and, ultimately, to help ensure patient safety. A standard or recommended practice is limited, howe
15、ver, in the sense that it responds generally to perceived risks and conditions that may not always be relevant to specific situations. A standard or recommended practice is an important reference in responsible decision-making, but it should never replace responsible decision-making. Despite periodi
16、c review and revision (at least once every five years), a standard or recommended practice is necessarily a static document applied to a dynamic technology. Therefore, a standards user must carefully review the reasons why the document was initially developed and the specific rationale for each of i
17、ts provisions. This review will reveal whether the document remains relevant to the specific needs of the user. Particular care should be taken in applying a product standard to existing devices and equipment, and in applying a recommended practice to current procedures and practices. While observed
18、 or potential risks with existing equipment typically form the basis for the safety and performance criteria defined in a standard, professional judgment must be used in applying these criteria to existing equipment. No single source of information will serve to identify a particular product as “uns
19、afe“. A voluntary standard can be used as one resource, but the ultimate decision as to product safety and efficacy must take into account the specifics of its utilization and, of course, cost-benefit considerations. Similarly, a recommended practice should be analyzed in the context of the specific
20、 needs and resources of the individual institution or firm. Again, the rationale accompanying each AAMI standard and recommended practice is an excellent guide to the reasoning and data underlying its provision. In summary, a standard or recommended practice is truly useful only when it is used in c
21、onjunction with other sources of information and policy guidance and in the context of professional experience and judgment. INTERPRETATIONS OF AAMI STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES Requests for interpretations of AAMI standards and recommended practices must be made in writing, to the AAMI Vice
22、President, Standards Policy and Programs. An official interpretation must be approved by letter ballot of the originating committee and subsequently reviewed and approved by the AAMI Standards Board. The interpretation will become official and representation of the Association only upon exhaustion o
23、f any appeals and upon publication of notice of interpretation in the “Standards Monitor“ section of the AAMI News. The Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation disclaims responsibility for any characterization or explanation of a standard or recommended practice which has not been
24、 developed and communicated in accordance with this procedure and which is not published, by appropriate notice, as an official interpretation in the AAMI News. American National Standard ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-2:2006/(R)2014(Revision of ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-2:1993/(R)2001) Biological evaluation of medi
25、cal devices Part 2: Animal welfare requirements Approved 11 July 2006 by Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation Registered 26 July 2006 and Reaffirmed 8 October 2014 by American National Standards Institute Abstract: Specifies the minimum requirements to be satisfied to ensure an
26、d demonstrate that proper provision has been made for the welfare of animals used in animal tests to assess the biocompatibility of materials used in medical devices. Key words: animal welfare, animal testing AAMI Standard This Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) standa
27、rd implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. The existence of an AAMI standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether they have approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not
28、 conforming to the standard. AAMI standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. CAUTION NOTICE: This AAMI standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. AAMI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard n
29、o later than 5 years from the date of publication. Interested parties may obtain current information on all AAMI standards by calling or writing AAMI. All AAMI standards, recommended practices, technical information reports, and other types of technical documents developed by AAMI are voluntary, and
30、 their application is solely within the discretion and professional judgment of the user of the document. Occasionally, voluntary technical documents are adopted by government regulatory agencies or procurement authorities, in which case the adopting agency is responsible for enforcement of its rule
31、s and regulations. Published by Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation 1110 N. Glebe Road, Suite 220 Arlington, VA 22201-4795 2006 by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation All Rights Reserved This publication is subject to copyright claims of ISO, ANSI, a
32、nd AAMI. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, without the prior written permission of AAMI. All requests pertaining to this draft should be submitted to AAMI. It is illegal under federal law (17 U.S.C. 101, et seq.) to ma
33、ke copies of all or any part of this document (whether internally or externally) without the prior written permission of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. Violators risk legal action, including civil and criminal penalties, and damages of $100,000 per offense. For permi
34、ssion regarding the use of all or any part of this document, contact AAMI, 1110 N. Glebe Road, Suite 220, Arlington, VA 22201-4795. Phone: (703) 525-4890; Fax: (703) 525-1067. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 1570202710Contents PageGlossary of equivalent standards iv Committee representa
35、tion. vi Background of AAMI adoption of ISO 10993-2:2006-09-29. vii Foreword. viii Introduction . x 1 Scope. 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions 1 4 Requirements . 3 4.1 General 3 4.2 Justification for animal tests 5 4.3 Competence of personnel. 5 4.4 Planning and performance of anima
36、l tests . 6 4.5 Test strategy Sequence of in vitro and in vivo tests . 6 4.6 Animal care and accommodation. 7 4.7 Humane endpoints. 7 4.8 Study documentation 8 4.9 Validity of test results and mutual acceptance of data 9 Annex A (informative) Rationale for the development of this part of ISO 10993 1
37、0 Annex B (informative) Further suggestions for replacing, reducing and refining animal tests 14 Bibliography 16 iv 2006 Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-2 :2006 Glossary of equivalent standards International Standards adopted in the United States may in
38、clude normative references to other International Standards. For each International Standard that has been adopted by AAMI (and ANSI), the table below gives the corresponding U.S. designation and level of equivalency to the International Standard. NOTE: Documents are sorted by international designat
39、ion. Other normatively referenced International Standards may be under consideration for U.S. adoption by AAMI; therefore, this list should not be considered exhaustive. International designation U.S. designation Equivalency IEC 60601-1:2005 ANSI/AAMI ES60601-1:2005 Major technical variations IEC 60
40、601-1-2:2001 and Amendment 1:2004 ANSI/AAMI/IEC 60601-1-2:2001 and Amendment 1:2004 Identical IEC 60601-2-04:2002 ANSI/AAMI DF80:2003 Major technical variations IEC 60601-2-19:1990 and Amendment 1:1996 ANSI/AAMI II36:2004 Major technical variations IEC 60601-2-20:1990 and Amendment 1:1996 ANSI/AAMI
41、II51:2004 Major technical variations IEC 60601-2-21:1994 and Amendment 1:1996 ANSI/AAMI/IEC 60601-2-21 and Amendment 1:2000 (consolidated texts) Identical IEC 60601-2-24:1998 ANSI/AAMI ID26:2004 Major technical variations IEC/TR 60878:2003 ANSI/AAMI/IEC TIR60878:2003 IdenticalIEC/TR 62296:2003 ANSI/
42、AAMI/IEC TIR62296:2003 IdenticalIEC 62304:2006 ANSI/AAMI/IEC 62304:2006 Identical IEC/TR 62348:2006ANSI/AAMI/IEC TIR62348:2006 IdenticalISO 5840:2005 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 5840:2005 Identical ISO 7198:1998 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 7198:1998/2001/(R)2004 Identical ISO 7199:1996 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 7199:1996/(R)2002 Identical
43、ISO 10993-1:2003 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-1:2003 Identical ISO 10993-2:2006 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-2:2006 Identical ISO 10993-3:2003 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-3:2003 Identical ISO 10993-4:2002 and Amendment 1:2006 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-4:2002 and Amendment 1:2006 Identical ISO 10993-5:1999 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-5:199
44、9 Identical ISO 10993-6:1994 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-6:1995/(R)2001 Identical ISO 10993-7:1995 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-7:1995/(R)2001 Identical ISO 10993-9:1999 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-9:1999/(R)2005 Identical ISO 10993-10:2002 and Amendment 1:2006 ANSI/AAMI BE78:2002 ANSI/AAMI BE78:2002/A1:2006 Minor technical
45、 variations Identical ISO 10993-11:2006 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-11:2006 IdenticalISO 10993-12:2002 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-12:2002 Identical ISO 10993-13:1998 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-13:1999/(R)2004 Identical ISO 10993-14:2001 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-14:2001 Identical ISO 10993-15:2000 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-15:2000 I
46、dentical ISO 10993-16:1997 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-16:1997/(R)2003 Identical ISO 10993-17:2002 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-17:2002 Identical ISO 10993-18:2005 ANSI/AAMI BE83:2006 Major technical variations ISO/TS 10993-19:2006 ANSI/AAMI/ISO TIR10993-19:2006 Identical 2006 Association for the Advancement of Medi
47、cal Instrumentation ANSI/AAMI/ISO 10993-2 :2006 v International designation U.S. designation Equivalency ISO/TS 10993-20:2006 ANSI/AAMI/ISO TIR10993-20:2006 Identical ISO 11135:1994 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11135:1994 Identical ISO 11137-1:2006ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11137-1:2006 Identical ISO 11137-2:2006 (2006-08-01 c
48、orrected version)ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11137-2:2006 Identical ISO 11137-3:2006ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11137-3:2006 Identical ISO 11138-1: 2006 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11138-1:2006 Identical ISO 11138-2: 2006 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11138-2:2006 Identical ISO 11138-3: 2006 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11138-3:2006 Identical ISO 11138-4: 2006 ANSI/AAMI/
49、ISO 11138-4:2006 Identical ISO 11138-5: 2006 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11138-5:2006 Identical ISO/TS 11139:2006 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11139:2006 Identical ISO 11140-1:2005 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11140-1:2005 Identical ISO 11140-5:2000 ANSI/AAMI ST66:1999 Major technical variations ISO 11607-1:2006ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11607-1:2006 Identical ISO 11607-2:2006ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11607-2:2006 Identical ISO 11737-1: 2006 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11737-1:2006 Identical ISO 11737-2:1998 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11737-2:1998 Identical ISO 11737-3:2004 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11737-3:2004 Identical ISO 13485:2003 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 13485:2003 Identical ISO 1
