1、ASHRAE STANDARDANSI/ASHRAE 94.2-2010(Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 94.2-1981 RA 2006)Method of TestingThermal Storage Devices with Electrical Input and Thermal Output Based on Thermal PerformanceApproved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on January 23, 2010; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors onJanu
2、ary 27, 2010; and by the American National Standards Institute on January 28, 2010. ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the standard numberis the year of ASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be pur-chased o
3、n the ASHRAE Web site (www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle,NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: ordersashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478. Telephone: 404-636-8400(worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada). For reprint permission, go towww.ashrae.or
4、g/permissions. Copyright 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ISSN 1041-2336American Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20092010Steven T.
5、Bushby, ChairH. Michael Newman, Vice-ChairRobert G. BakerMichael F. BedaHoy R. Bohanon, Jr.Kenneth W. CooperK. William DeanMartin DieryckxAllan B. FraserKatherine G. HammackNadar R. JayaramanByron W. JonesJay A. KohlerCarol E. MarriottMerle F. McBrideFrank MyersJanice C. PetersonDouglas T. ReindlLaw
6、rence J. SchoenBoggarm S. SettyBodh R. SubherwalJames R. TaubyJames K. VallortWilliam F. WalterMichael W. WoodfordCraig P. WrayWayne R. Reedy, BOD ExOThomas E. Watson, COStephanie Reiniche, Manager of StandardsSPECIAL NOTEThis American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standa
7、rd developed under the auspices of the AmericanSociety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Consensus is defined by the American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved this standard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement rea
8、ched bydirectly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity.Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an effort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with thisstandard
9、is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance mandatory through legislation.ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifica
10、lly for the purpose of writing the Standard. The ProjectCommittee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned intere
11、sts on all ProjectCommittees. The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard, ord. permission to reprint portions of the St
12、andard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information andaccepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components,or systems
13、 tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under itsStandards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry a
14、nd the public by offering a uniform method of testing for ratingpurposes, by suggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providingother information that may serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards an
15、d Guidelines is determined by the need for them,and conformance to them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Standard Pro
16、ject Committee 94.2Cognizant TC: TC 6.9, Thermal StorageHarold G. Lorsch, Chair Stanley Mumma Robert J. EvansWilliam R. Coleman Byron W. Engen, Secretary Jerry LawsonEdwin S. Douglass Robert Cook Charles MellorJames Hill Richard RiceWilliam P. Mangan Ronald M. Wolosewicz American Society of Heating,
17、 Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.CONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE Standard 94.2-2010,Method of Testing Therm
18、al Storage Devices with Electrical Input and Thermal Output Based on Thermal PerformanceSECTION PAGEForeword. 2 1 Purpose 2 2 Scope . 2 3 Definitions. 24 Classifications. 25 Requirements . 36 Instrumentation. 37 Apparatus and Method of Testing 38 Central Thermal Storage Device Testing . 79 Room Ther
19、mal Storage Device Testing . 910 Data to Be Recorded and Test Report . 1011 Nomenclature . 1112 References . 1113 Informative Annex A . 11NOTEWhen addenda, interpretations, or errata to this standard have been approved, they can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAE Web site at http:/www.ashr
20、ae.org. Copyright 2010 American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Addit
21、ional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 94.2-2010(This foreword is not a part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformanc
22、e to the standard. It has not beenprocessed according to the ANSI requirements for astandard and may contain material that has not beensubject to public review or a consensus process.)FOREWORDThis is a revision of Standard 94.2-1981 (RA 2006). Thisstandard was prepared under the auspices of the Amer
23、icanSociety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engi-neers (ASHRAE). It may be used, in whole or in part, by anassociation or government agency with due credit toASHRAE. Adherence is strictly on a voluntary basis andmerely in the interests of obtaining uniform standardsthroughout the indu
24、stry. The changes made or the 2009 revision were: References were updatedAdding an Informative AnnexStandards referenced in the body of the standard wereupdated to be consistent with the references section.1. PURPOSEThe purpose of this standard is to provide a standardprocedure for determining the e
25、nergy performance of electri-cally charged thermal energy storage devices used in heatingsystems.2. SCOPE2.1 This standard applies to thermal storage devices that arecharged electrically and discharged thermally. The energymay be stored as latent heat or as sensible heat or as a combi-nation of the
26、two.2.2 The device is charged by electric-resistance heating, andthe electric-resistance mechanism is an integral part of, or islocated inside, the storage device.2.3 The device is discharged by a heat transfer fluid thatenters the device through a single inlet and leaves the devicethrough a single
27、outlet. Storage devices having more than oneinlet and/or outlet may be tested according to this standard,but each flow configuration involving a single inlet and singleoutlet must be tested separately. This standard is not applica-ble to those configurations in which there is simultaneousflow into t
28、he storage device through more than one inlet and/or simultaneous flow out of the storage device through morethan one outlet. The transfer fluid may be either a gas or a liq-uid or a mixture of the two.2.4 This standard does not include factors relating to cost,life, reliability, or the consideratio
29、n of requirements for inter-facing with specific heating and cooling systems.2.5 The test procedure and equipment outlined in this stan-dard are most easily adaptable to devices used to store thermalenergy on the order of l011J (108Btu) or less.3. DEFINITIONSThe following definitions are stipulated
30、for this docu-ment:ambient air: the air in the space surrounding the central ther-mal energy storage device or calorimeter. cycling (latent heat-type storage device): a process in whichheat is supplied to and removed from the storage device in acyclic manner, and the phase of the storage medium is c
31、hangedtwice in each cycle. discharge capacity: the amount of heat that can be removedfrom the storage device during a period of time and for aspecific set of charging conditions. standard air: air weighing 1.2 kg/m3(0.075 lb/ft3), whichapproximates dry air at a temperature of 21.1C (70F) and abarome
32、tric pressure of 101.3 kPa (29.92 in. of Hg). standard barometric pressure: the barometric pressure of101.3 kPa (29.92 in. of Hg) at 0C (32F). storage device: the container(s) plus all contents of thecontainer(s) used for storing thermal energy. The transferfluid, electrical input elements, and acce
33、ssories such as heatexchangers, flow-switching devices, valves, and baffles thatare integral with the thermal storage container(s) are consid-ered a part of the storage device. storage medium: the material in the storage device, indepen-dent of the containing structure, in which the major portion of
34、the energy is stored. transfer fluid: the fluid that carries energy out of the storagedevice. 4. CLASSIFICATIONSIn this standard, thermal energy storage devices are clas-sified according to the method they use to store energy, thetype of transfer fluid they employ, and the usage of the unit.4.1 Sens
35、ible heat-type storage devices are those in whichthe heat absorbed by or removed from the system results in anincrease or decrease in the temperature of the storagemedium, and there is no change of phase of any portion of thestorage medium. Typical sensible heat-type storage devicesemploy water, wat
36、er glycol, natural or artificial stone, andother materials singly or in combination.4.2 Latent heat-type storage devices are those involving achange of phase of the storage medium. In this type of storagedevice, most of the heat added to or removed from the systemgoes into changing the enthalpy of t
37、he storage medium duringa change of phase process. Some heat is also stored as sensibleheat, since charging and discharging of the storage involves afinite change in the temperature of the system.4.3 Central thermal storage devices are those in which theoutput is ducted or piped from the device in a
38、 “central” loca-tion to the space or to heat transfer devices.4.4 Room thermal storage devices are those in which thestorage device is installed within a space or room. The output American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only.
39、 Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 94.2-2010 3from the device may be by radiation from the cabinet, by nat-ural convection through the device, by forced convectionthrou
40、gh the device, or by a combination of radiation and con-vection.5. REQUIREMENTS5.1 Latent heat-type storage devices evaluated under thisstandard shall have been completely cycled (see definition ofcycling) through their change of phase at least 30 times priorto being tested.5.2 The transfer fluid us
41、ed in evaluating the performance ofa thermal energy storage device shall have a known specificheat that varies by less than 0.5% over the temperature rangeencountered during a test.5.3 The room where the testing of the storage device is per-formed shall have its temperature controlled to the extent
42、thatthe average ambient air temperature, ta, determined by theaverage of the four temperatures measured as specified inSection 8.6, varies between extremes by less than 2.0C(3.6F) during a test.6. INSTRUMENTATION6.1 Temperature Measurements 6.1.1 Temperature measurements shall be made in accor-dance
43、 with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.1.16.1.2 The temperature difference of the transfer fluidacross the thermal storage device may be measured with:a. thermopilesb. calibrated resistance thermometers connected in two armsof a bridge circuit (recommended only when a liquid isthe transfer fluid)c. precision
44、 thermometersd. thermistors6.1.3 The accuracy and precision of the instruments andtheir associated readout devices shall be within the followinglimits.6.1.4 In no case shall the smallest scale division of theinstrument or instrument system exceed two times the speci-fied precision. For example, if t
45、he specified precision is0.1C (0.2F), the smallest scale division shall not exceed0.2C (0.4F).6.1.5 The instruments shall be configured and used inaccordance with Section 7.6.1.6 When thermopiles are used, they shall be con-structed in accordance with ANSI Standard MC96.1.26.2 Liquid Flow Measuremen
46、ts. The accuracy of the flow-measuring and associated readout devices shall be equal to orbetter than 1.0% of the measured value.6.3 Airflow Measurements. When air is used as the trans-fer fluid, airflow rate shall be determined as described inSection 7 using instrumentation described in ANSI/ASHRAE
47、Standard 373and ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 70.46.4 Pressure Measurements6.4.1 Nozzle Throat Pressure. The pressure measure-ment at the nozzle throat shall be made with instruments thatshall permit measurements of pressure to within 2.0%absolute and whose smallest scale division shall not exceedtwo times t
48、he specified accuracy, see ANSI/ASHRAE Stan-dard 37.36.4.2 Airflow Measurements. The static pressure differ-ences across the nozzle and the velocity pressure at the nozzlethroat shall be measured with instruments that have been cal-ibrated and are to within 1.0% of the reading.6.4.3 Pressure Drop Ac
49、ross the Thermal StorageDevice. The static pressure drop across the thermal storagedevice shall be measured with a differential pressure-measur-ing device having an accuracy of 25 Pa (0.1 in. of water).6.5 Time and Mass Measurements. Time measurementsand mass measurements shall be made to an accuracy of+0.20% for calibration purposes, see ANSI/ASHRAE Stan-dard 37.36.6 Electrical Measurements. Electrical measurementsshall be made with indicating instruments whose accuracy iswithin 1.0% of the value being observed.7. APPARATUS AND METHOD OF TESTING7.1 Air as t
