1、Designation: D4097 01 (Reapproved 2010) An American National StandardStandard Specification forContact-Molded Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset ResinCorrosion-Resistant Tanks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4097; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、 oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Depa
3、rtment of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers cylindrical tanks fabricated bycontact molding for above-ground vertical installation, tocontain aggressive chemicals at essentially atmosphericpressure, and made of a commercial-grade polyester or vinylester, resin. Included are requirements f
4、or materials, properties,design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, workmanship,and appearance.1.2 This specification does not cover the design of vesselsintended for pressure above hydrostatic, vacuum conditions,except as classified herein, or vessels intended for use withliquids heated above th
5、eir flash points.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation purposes only.NOTE 1Special design consideration should be given to vesselssubject to superimposed mechanical forces, such as earthquakes, windload, o
6、r agitation, to vessels subject to service temperature in excess of180F (82C), and to vessels with unsupported bottoms.NOTE 2There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, Section 11, of this specification: Thisstand
7、ard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM
8、 Standards:2C581 Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance ofThermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-ReinforcedStructures Intended for Liquid ServiceC582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Thermo-setting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion-ResistantEquipmentD618 Practice for Condition
9、ing Plastics for TestingD638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-alsD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD2150 Specification for Woven Roving Glass Fabric forPolyester-Glass La
10、minates (Withdrawn 1987)3D2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plas-tics by Means of a Barcol ImpressorD2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured ReinforcedResinsD2996 Specification for Filament-Wound “Fiberglass(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) PipeD2997 Specification for
11、 Centrifugally Cast “Fiberglass”(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) PipeD3892 Practice for Packaging/Packing of PlasticsD4024 Specification for Machine Made “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) FlangesD5421 Specification for Contact Molded “Fiberglass”(Glass-Fiber-Reinf
12、orced Thermosetting Resin) FlangesF412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems2.2 ANSI Standards:B 16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class25, 125, 250, and 8004B 16.5 Steel Pipe Flanges, Flanged Valves and Fittings43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are in accordance wit
13、h Termi-nologies D883 and F412, unless otherwise indicated.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on ReinforcedPlastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Publishe
14、d January 2010. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D4097 - 01. DOI:10.1520/D4097-01R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, ref
15、er to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International
16、, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 contact moldingincludes the “hand lay-up” or acombination of the “hand lay-up” and the “spray-up” manu-facturing processes.4. Classification4.1 Tanks meeting
17、 this specification are classified accordingto type. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify therequirement for Type II tanks, the operating pressure orvacuum levels, and the safety factor required for externalpressure. Absence of a designation of type required shall implythat Type I is
18、 adequate.4.1.1 Type IAtmospheric pressure tanks vented directly tothe atmosphere, designed for pressure no greater or lower thanatmospheric.4.1.2 Type IIAtmospheric pressure tanks vented directlyinto a fume conservation system, and designed to withstand,the specified positive and negative pressure
19、not to exceed 14 in.of water (355.6 mm) when all tie-down lugs are properlysecured, in accordance with the fabricators recommendationsfor flat-bottom tanks.4.2 Tanks meeting this specification are classified accordingto type as follows:4.2.1 Grade 1Tanks manufactured with a single generictype of the
20、rmoset resin throughout.4.2.2 Grade 2Tanks manufactured with different generictypes of thermoset resin in the barrier and the structuralportion.NOTE 3The external corrosive environment due to spillage orcorrosive vapors should be considered when specifying Grade 2 tanks (see7.1.3.3).5. Materials and
21、 Manufacture5.1 ResinThe resin used shall be a commercial grade,corrosion-resistant thermoset that has either been evaluated ina laminate by test in accordance with 11.3, or that has beendetermined by previous documented service to be acceptablefor the service conditions. Where service conditions ha
22、ve notbeen evaluated, a suitable resin may also be selected byagreement between fabricator and purchaser.5.1.1 The resin shall contain no pigment, dyes, colorants, orfiller, except as follows:5.1.1.1 A thixotropic agent that does not interfere withvisual inspection of laminate quality, or with the r
23、equiredcorrosion resistance of the laminate, may be added for viscos-ity control.NOTE 4The addition of a thixotropic agent may reduce the resistanceof many resin systems to certain corrosive chemical environments. It is theresponsibility of the fabricator, using a thixotropic agent in the resinrequi
24、red for 7.1.1 and 7.1.2, to ascertain its compatibility with thecorrosive environment when this has been reported by the purchaser.5.1.1.2 Resin pastes used to fill crevices before overlay shallnot be subject to the limitation of 5.1.1.5.1.1.3 Resin may contain pigment, dyes, or colorants whenagreed
25、 upon between fabricator and purchaser.NOTE 5The addition of pigment, dyes, or colorants may interfere withvisual inspection of laminate quality.5.1.1.4 Ultraviolet absorbers may be added for improvedweather resistance if agreed upon between the fabricator andthe purchaser.5.1.1.5 Antimony compounds
26、 or other fire-retardant agentsmay be added to halogenated resins for improved fireresistance, if agreed upon between the fabricator and thepurchaser.NOTE 6Because the addition of fire-retardant agents may interferewith visual inspection of laminate quality, they should not be used in theinner surfa
27、ce (7.1.1) or interior layer (7.1.2), unless their functionaladvantages would outweigh the loss of visual inspection.5.2 Reinforcement:5.2.1 Chopped-Strand MatChopped-strand mat shall beconstructed from chopped commercial-grade E-type glassstrands bonded together using a binder. The strands should b
28、etreated with a sizing that is chemically compatible with theresin system used.NOTE 7The selection of the particular chopped-strand mat is depen-dent upon the performance characteristics required of the finished productand upon the processing techniques to be used.5.2.2 Nonwoven Biaxial or Unidirect
29、al FabricTheseproducts shall be a commercial grade of E-type glass fiber witha sizing that is chemically compatible with the resin systemused.5.2.3 Woven RovingWoven roving shall be in accordancewith Specification D2150.5.2.4 Surface MatThe reinforcement used for the innersurface (7.1.1) shall be ei
30、ther a commercial-grade chemicalresistant glass surface mat or an organic-fiber surface mat. Inenvironments that attack glass, the use of an organic-fibersurface mat is required.6. Design Requirements6.1 Straight ShellThe minimum required wall thickness ofthe cylindrical straight shell at any fluid
31、level shall be deter-mined by the following equation, but shall not be less than316in.:t 5 PD/2SH5 0.036 HD/2SHor0.2489 HD/2SH!where:t = wall thickness, in. (mm),SH= allowable hoop tensile stress (not to exceed110 of theultimate hoop strength), psi (kPa) (see 11.8),P = pressure, psi (kPa),H = fluid
32、head, in. (mm), = specific gravity of fluid, andD = inside diameter of tank, in. (mm).NOTE 8The use of an accepted analytical technique, such as laminatedplate theory (LPT), for design and analysis of composite vessels maypredict stresses, strains, and strength on a ply-by-ply basis, given somebasic
33、 lamina properties.NOTE 9The calculation is suitable for the shell design of elevateddished-bottom tanks that are mounted or supported below the tangent ofthe dished-bottom head. Special consideration must be given to theloading on the straight shell at the support when tank has mountingsupports loc
34、ated above the tangent line.NOTE 10Table X2.1, Appendix X2, illustrates minimum straight-shellwall thicknesses.6.2 Design for External Pressure:D4097 01 (2010)26.2.1 Cylindrical ShellsFor cylindrical shells, computethe value 1.73 (Do/t)0.5. If the result is less than L/Doof thecylinder, compute Paas
35、 follows:Pa5 2.6E/F!Do/L! t/Do!2.5If the result is greater than L/Doof the cylinder, compute Paas follows:Pa52.6E/F!Do/L!t/Do!2.5L/Do! 2 0.45t/Do!0.5where:Do= outside diameter, in.,Et= hoop tensile modulus of the filament wound structurallaminate, psi (kPa),F = design factor = 5,L = design length, i
36、n. (mm), of a vessel section, taken asthe largest of the following: (a) the distance betweenhead tangent lines plus one-third the depth of eachformed head, if there are no stiffening rings (excludingconical heads and sections); (b) the distance betweencone-to-cylinder junctions for vessels with a co
37、ne orconical heads if there are no stiffening rings; (c) thegreatest center-to-center distance between any twoadjacent stiffening rings; (d) the distance from thecenter of the first stiffening ring to the formed headtangent line plus one-third the depth of the formed head(excluding conical heads and
38、 sections), all measuredparallel to the axis of the vessel; (e) the distance fromthe first stiffening ring in the cylinder to the cone-to-cylinder junction,Pa= allowable external pressure, psi (kPa), andt = wall thickness, in. (mm) (nominal).6.2.2 Torispherical HeadsFor torispherical heads, com-pute
39、 the allowable external pressure, Pa, as follows:Pa5 0.36E/F!t/Ro!2where:Ro= outside crown radius of head, in. (mm).For toruspherical heads subject to internal loading, theknuckle radius shall be externally reinforced in accordancewith Fig. 1. The reinforcement thickness shall be equal to thethickne
40、ss of the head as calculated above. The thickness of ajoint overlay near the knuckle radius tangent line of dishedhead contributes to the knuckle reinforcement.6.2.3 Stiffening RingsThe required moment of inertia, Is,of a circumferential stiffening ring for cylindrical shells underexternal pressure
41、or internal vacuum shall not be less than thatdetermined by the following:Is5 PLsD3F/24Ehwhere:Do= shell outside diameter, in. (mm),Eh= hoop tensile modulus, psi (kPa),F = design factor = 5,Is= moment of inertia, in.4(mm4), of stiffener for theeffective length of shell, Ls,Ls= one-half of the distan
42、ce from the centerline of thestiffening ring to the next line of support on one side,plus one-half of the centerline distance to the next lineof support on the other side of the stiffening ring, bothmeasured parallel to the axis of the cylinder, in. A lineof support is the following: (a) a stiffenin
43、g ring thatmeets the requirements of this paragraph; (b )acircumferential line on a head at one-third the depth ofthe head from the head tangent line; (c) a cone-to-cylinder junction,P = actual external pressure, psi (kPa).Typical half-round stiffener sizes and dimensions for differ-ent values of Is
44、are shown in Fig. 4. Other stiffener profilesmeeting the required moment of inertia may be used.6.3 Top HeadThe top head, regardless of shape, shall beable to support a 250-lb (113.4 kg) load ona4by4-in. (100 by100 mm) area without damage and with a maximum deflectionof12 % of the tank diameter.6.3.
45、1 The minimum thickness of the top head shall be316 in.(4.8 mm).NOTE 11Support of auxiliary equipment, snow load, or operatingpersonnel, may require additional reinforcement or the use of stiffeningribs, or both, sandwich construction, or other stiffening systems.FIG. 1 Jointed Head Detail(Sketch A)
46、D4097 01 (2010)36.4 Bottom Head:6.4.1 The minimum thickness for a fully supported flat-bottom head shall be as follows:316 in. (4.8 mm) for 2 to 6-ft (0.6 to 1.8-m) diameter,14 in. (6.4 mm) for over 6 to 12-ft (1.8 to 3.7-m) diameter, and38 in. (9.5 mm) for over 12-ft (3.7-m) diameter.6.4.2 Bottom h
47、eads may be molded integrally with thestraight-shell, or may be molded separately with a straightflange length for subsequent joining to shell.6.4.3 The radius of the bottom knuckle of a flat-bottom tankshall be not less than 1 in. (25 mm) on tanks 4 ft or smaller indiameter and 1.5 in. (38 mm) on t
48、anks larger than 4 ft indiameter. The minimum thickness of the radiused section shallbe equal to the combined thickness of the shell wall and thebottom. The reinforcement of the knuckle-radius area shalltaper so that it is tangent to the flat bottom, and shall not extendbeyond the tangent line onto
49、the tank bottom, unless methodsof manufacture are used that maintain flat-bottomconfiguration, and shall extend up the vertical tank wall aminimum of length “L” of 8 in. (203 mm) on tanks up to 4 ft(1219 mm) in diameter, and 12 in. (304 mm) on tanks over 4ft (1219 mm) in diameter. The reinforcement shall then taperinto the side wall over an additional length “ M” of 4 in. (102mm) (see Fig. 2). Methods of manufacture that incorporatestiffening bands as a means of knuckle stabilization, arepermissible alternatives by agreement be
