1、 American National Standard for Safe Use of Optical Fiber Communication Systems Utilizing Laser Diode and LED Sources ANSI Z136.2 2012 American National Standard ANSI Z136.2 2012 First Printing American National Standard for Safe Use of Optical Fiber Communication Systems Utilizing Laser Diode and L
2、ED Sources Secretariat Laser Institute of America Approved: December 19, 2012 American National Standards Institute, Inc. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is inte
3、nded as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether or not he or she has approved the standard, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes or proced
4、ures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review and users are encouraged to obtain the latest editions. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute
5、 require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute.
6、 Published by Laser Institute of America 13501 Ingenuity Drive, Suite 128 Orlando, FL 32826 ISBN: 978-0-912035-68-0 Copyright 2012 by Laser Institute of America. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be copied or reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system or be m
7、ade available on the Internet, a public network, by satellite, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. i Foreword (This introduction is not a normative part of ANSI Z136.2-2012, American National Standard for Optical Fiber Communi
8、cation Systems Utilizing Laser Diode and LED Sources.) In 1968, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approved the initiation of the Safe Use of Lasers Standards Project under the sponsorship of the Telephone Group. Prior to 1985, Z136 standards were developed by ANSI Committee Z136 and s
9、ubmitted for approval and issuance as ANSI Z136 standards. Since 1985, Z136 standards are developed by the ANSI Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) Z136 for Safe Use of Lasers. A copy of the procedures for development of these standards can be obtained from the secretariat, Laser Institute of Ameri
10、ca, 13501 Ingenuity Drive, Suite 128, Orlando, FL 32826 or viewed at www.z136.org. The present scope of ASC Z136 is to protect against hazards associated with the use of lasers and optically radiating diodes. ASC Z136 is responsible for the development and maintenance of this standard. In addition t
11、o the consensus body, ASC Z136 is composed of standards subcommittees (SSC) and technical subcommittees (TSC) involved in Z136 standards development and an editorial working group (EWG). At the time of this printing, the following standards and technical subcommittees were active: SSC-1 Safe Use of
12、Lasers (parent document) SSC-2 Safe Use of Lasers and LEDs in Telecommunications Applications SSC-3 Safe Use of Lasers in Health Care SSC-4 Measurements and Instrumentation SSC-5 Safe Use of Lasers in Educational Institutions SSC-6 Safe Use of Lasers Outdoors SSC-7 Eyewear and Protective Barriers SS
13、C-8 Safe Use of Lasers in Research, Development, and Testing SSC-9 Safe Use of Lasers in Manufacturing Environments SSC-10 Safe Use of Lasers in Entertainment, Displays, and Exhibitions TSC-1 Biological Effects and Medical Surveillance TSC-2 Hazard Evaluation and Classification TSC-4 Control Measure
14、s and Training TSC-5 Non-Beam Hazards TSC-7 Analysis and Applications EWG Editorial Working Group ii The eight standards currently issued are: ANSI Z136.1-2007, American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers (replaces ANSI Z136.1-2000) ANSI Z136.2-2012, American National Standard for Safe Use of
15、Optical Fiber Communication Systems Utilizing Laser Diode and LED Sources (first edition) ANSI Z136.3-2011, American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers in Health Care (replaces ANSI Z136.3-2005, American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers in Health Care Facilities) ANSI Z136.4-2010, Amer
16、ican National Standard Recommended Practice for Laser Safety Measurements for Hazard Evaluation (replaces ANSI Z136.4-2005) ANSI Z136.5-2009, American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers in Educational Institutions (replaces ANSI Z136.5-2000) ANSI Z136.6-2005, American National Standard for Saf
17、e Use of Lasers Outdoors (replaces ANSI Z136.6-2000) ANSI Z136.7-2008, American National Standard for Testing and Labeling of Laser Protective Equipment (first edition) ANSI Z136.8-2012, American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers in Research, Development or Testing (first edition) This Americ
18、an National Standard provides guidance for the safe use, maintenance, service, and installation of optical communications systems utilizing laser diodes or light emitting diodes operating at wavelengths between 0.6 m and 1 mm. Optical communication systems include end-to-end optical fiber based link
19、s, fixed terrestrial point-to-point free-space links, or a combination of both. This standard is intended to be used by those who assemble the end-to-end system and by service, maintenance, and other personnel who may come in contact with such systems where access is in uncontrolled, controlled and
20、restricted locations. It provides detailed safety information for systems where optical energy may be accessible and where source parameters are uncertain or not under the control of the user. Control measures commensurate with the specific hazard level (optical fiber links) and access level (free-s
21、pace links) are provided. Most evaluations can be carried out analytically and a number of representative examples of hazard evaluation are provided in the Appendixes. iii It is expected that this standard will be periodically revised as new information and experience in the use of lasers are gained
22、. Future revisions may have modified content and use of the most current document is highly recommended. While there is considerable compatibility among existing laser safety standards, some requirements differ among state, federal, and international standards and regulations. These differences may
23、have an effect on the particulars of the applicable control measures. Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning or intent of portions of this standard as it relates to specific applications. When the need for an interpretation is brought to the attention of the secretariat, the secretar
24、iat will initiate action to prepare an appropriate response. Since ANSI Z136 standards represent a consensus of concerned interests, it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For this reason, the secretariat is not able to provide
25、an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration. Requests for interpretations and suggestions for improvements of the standard are welcome. They should be sent to ASC Z136 Secretariat, Laser Institute of America, 1350
26、1 Ingenuity Drive, Suite 128, Orlando, FL 32826. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by ASC Z136. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all members voted for its approval. Robert Thomas, Committee Chair Sheldon Zimmerman, Committee Vice-Chair B
27、en Edwards, Committee Secretary iv Notice (This notice is not a normative part of ANSI Z136.2-2012, American National Standard for Optical Fiber Communication Systems Utilizing Laser Diode and LED Sources.) Z136 standards and recommended practices are developed through a consensus standards developm
28、ent process approved by the American National Standards Institute. The process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on laser safety related issues. As secretariat to ASC Z136, the Laser Institute of America (LIA) administers the process and pro
29、vides financial and clerical support to the committee. The LIA and its directors, officers, employees, members, affiliates, and sponsors, expressly disclaim liability for any personal injury, property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensato
30、ry, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document or these standards. The LIAs service as secretariat does not constitute, and LIA does not make any endorsement, warranty, or referral of any particular standards, practices, goods, or services that may be
31、 referenced in this document. The LIA also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. The LIA has no power, nor does it undertake to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. In issuing and making this document availa
32、ble, the LIA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the LIA undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropr
33、iate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. v Participants At the time it approved this standard, ASC Z136 had the following members: Organization Represented Name of Representative Academy of Laser Dentistry Scott Benj
34、amin Altos Photonics, Inc. Lucian Hand American Academy of Dermatology Mark Nestor American College of Obstetricians Sections 3.5 and 4.4 of this standard apply only to those open beam systems where the radiant energy is always available during intended use (FSOCS). As defined in this standard, FSOC
35、S applies only to fixed, point-to-point terrestrial systems used for telecommunications purposes. For other free-space optical systems and applications, refer to ANSI Z136.6. NOTELEDs are included in the scope of this standard for the following reasons: 1) The optical energy emitted by an LED (usual
36、ly an edge-emitter) launched into an optical fiber results in a worst-case viewing condition approximately the same as if the source were a laser. 2) Although the spectral bandwidth of an LED is much larger than that of a laser, the spectral emission is still relatively narrow and the tables for the
37、 maximum permissible exposure (MPE) values and accessible emission limits (AEL) can still be used satisfactorily to provide conservative results. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this standard is to provide specific requirements for the safe use, service, operation, maintenance and installation of OCS, in
38、cluding OFCS and FSOCS. As such, it is intended to be used by those who assemble the end-to-end system (installation) and by service, maintenance, and other personnel who may come in contact with such systems where access is in uncontrolled, controlled and restricted locations. It provides detailed
39、safety information for systems where optical energy may be accessible and where source parameters are uncertain or not under the control of the user. NOTEIt is recognized that the user of this standard may fall into one or more of the following categories: manufacturer, installer, or service/install
40、ation and/or operating organization. Although the installer of the end-to-end system comprised of certified products, e.g., products certified in 1 For consistency and because the unit micrometer (m) is the preferred unit used throughout the optical communications field, m will be used throughout th
41、is document. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z136.2-2012 2 accordance with the Federal Laser Product Performance Standard, could be considered the final “manufacturer,” the overall system is generally not considered to be the certified product. This standard places the responsibility for certain product
42、safety requirements, as well as requirements for providing appropriate information on how to use these systems safely, on the manufacture of the system and/or transmitters. The manufacturers and their products are subject to the requirements of the Federal Laser Product Performance Standard2 (FLPPS)
43、; the safe deployment and use of these systems is the responsibility of the installation and/or operating organization. It places the responsibility for adherence to safety instructions during installation and service operations on the installation and service organizations as appropriate, and opera
44、tion and maintenance functions on the operating organization. 1.3 Application The objective of this standard is to provide reasonable and adequate guidance for the safe use, installation and maintenance of OCSs. A practical means for accomplishing this is to first determine the applicable hazard lev
45、el and location type (for an OFCS) or the appropriate Class, location type and access level (for an FSOCS), and then specify appropriate controls. NOTEThe hazard level of an OFCS, which is based on the hazard class, i.e., Class 1, 1M, 2, 2M, 3R, etc., was called “Service Group” in earlier editions o
46、f ANSI Z136.2 since most inadvertent exposures would be expected to occur during installation and service. In order to address exposures not related to service, e.g., a fiber break in an accessible location, and to harmonize with international standards such as IEC 60825-2,3 the term Service Group h
47、as been replaced with Hazard Level. Application of this standard is as follows: Determine the hazard level of the OFCS, or hazard class and access level of the FSOCS based on the potential for injury. a) Determine the location type(s) where the optical energy may be accessible. b) Apply the appropri
48、ate controls as specified for those hazard levels and location types (see Section 4). The hazard levels associated with OFCS and the access levels for FSOCS in this standard are derived from the AELs described in ANSI Z136.1-20074 and IEC 60825-1-20075. This standard allows the use of automatic powe
49、r reduction (APR) techniques and installation protection systems (IPS) to produce lower hazard levels and access levels based on the radiant power and speed of the APR or IPS. The shut-down times and measurement distances for APR systems used with OFCS are specified in IEC 60825-2 (2010) and are shown in Table 3.1. NOTEThe hazard levels and access levels in this standard are analogous to the hazard classes, i.e., Class 1, 1M, 2, 2M, 3R and 3B. This approach is consistent with that of IEC- 60825-2 (2010) 2 21 CFR, Part 1040.10 Laser products. 3 Safety of laser products - Part
