1、NEMA Standards PublicationNational Electrical Manufacturers AssociationNEMA LD 3-2005High-Pressure Decorative LaminatesApproved as an American National Standard ANSI Approval Date: June 20, 2005 NEMA Standards Publication LD 3-2005 High-Pressure Decorative Laminates Published by: National Electrical
2、 Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1847 Rosslyn, Virginia 22209 www.nema.org (703) 841-3200 To Order: (800) 854-7179 Copyright 2005 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. All rights including translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyrigh
3、t Convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American Copyright Conventions. NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER The information in this publication was considered technically sound by the consensus of persons engaged in the development and ap
4、proval of the document at the time it was developed. Consensus does not necessarily mean that there is unanimous agreement among every person participating in the development of this document. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards and guideline publications, of which the
5、 document contained herein is one, are developed through a voluntary consensus standards development process. The process brings together volunteers and/or seeks out the views of persons who have an interest in the topic covered by this publication. While NEMA administers the process and establishes
6、 rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not write the document and it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy or completeness of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards and guideline publications. NEMA disclaims l
7、iability for any personal injury, property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, application, or reliance on this document. NEMA disclaims and makes no guaranty or warranty
8、, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and disclaims and makes no warranty that the information in this document will fulfill any of your particular purposes or needs. NEMA does not undertake to guarantee the performance of any individual manufa
9、cturer or sellers product or services by virtue of this standard or guide. In publishing and making this document available, NEMA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on the behalf of any person or entity, nor is NEMA undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person o
10、r entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgement or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. Information and other standards on the topic covered by
11、this publication may be available from other sources, which the user may wish to consult for additional views or information not covered by this publication. NEMA has no power, nor does it undertake to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. NEMA does not certify, test, or i
12、nspect products, designs, or installations for safety or health purposes. Any certification or other statement of compliance with any health or safety-related information in this document shall not be attributable to NEMA and is the sole responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement. LD
13、3-2005 Page i CONTENTS Page Foreword .iii Membersiv Section 1 GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE 1 1.2 REFERENCED STANDARDS 1 1.3 TYPES AND DESCRIPTIONS 2 1.3.1 General Purpose Type . 2 1.3.2 Postforming Type 2 1.3.3 Flame Retardant Type 2 1.3.4 High Wear Type 2 1.3.5 Specific Purpose Type 2 1.3.6 Compact Laminate T
14、ype 2 1.3.7 Cabinet Liner Type . 2 1.3.8 Backer Type 3 1.3.9 Other Types 3 1.4 CONFORMANCE WITH FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETICS ACT 3 1.5 FIRE RATING .3 1.6 VISUAL INSPECTION 3 1.7 SURFACE FINISHES . 3 Section 2 PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES AND VALUES 2.1 PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES 5 Section 3 TEST METHODS 3.1 APPE
15、ARANCE 9 3.1.1 Scope 9 3.1.2 Test Apparatus and Materials. 9 3.1.3 Test Specimens 9 3.1.4 Test for Visual Defects . 9 3.1.5 Test for Thickness 9 3.1.6 Test for Flatness. 10 3.1.7 Test for Broken Corners . 10 3.1.8 Test for Squareness . 10 3.1.9 Test for Edge Straightness . 10 3.1.10 Sanding 11 3.1.1
16、1 Test Report 11 3.2 SURFACE FINISH 11 3.3 LIGHT RESISTANCE . 12 3.4 CLEANABILITY/STAIN RESISTANCE. 14 3.5 BOILING WATER RESISTANCE . 17 3.6 HIGH TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE. 20 3.6.1 Scope 20 3.6.2 Hot Wax Method. 20 Copyright 2005 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. LD 3-2005 Page ii
17、3.6.3 Hot Oil Method 21 3.7 SCRATCH RESISTANCE (Values under consideration) . 22 3.7.1 Scope 22 3.7.2 Linear Glass Scratch Method . 22 3.7.3 Diamond Scratch Method . 29 3.8 BALL IMPACT RESISTANCE. 34 3.9 DART IMPACT RESISTANCE 37 3.10 RADIANT HEAT RESISTANCE. 41 3.10.1 Scope. 41 3.10.2 Coil Element
18、Method 41 3.10.3 Strip Element Method 46 3.11 DIMENSIONAL CHANGE 49 3.12 ROOM TEMPERATURE DIMENSIONAL STABILITY. 52 3.13 WEAR RESISTANCE 54 3.14 FORMABILITY . 57 3.15 BLISTER RESISTANCE 65 Annex A APPLICATION, FABRICATION, AND INSTALLATION 67 A.1 INTRODUCTION 67 A.2 GENERAL DISCUSSION . 67 A.3 MATER
19、IALS 68 A.3.1 High-Pressure Decorative Laminate 68 A.3.2 Adhesives. 69 A.3.3 Substrate 70 A.3.4 Factors Affecting Bonded Assemblies . 71 A.4 CONDITIONING AND STORAGE OF MATERIALS PRIOR TO FABRICATION. 72 A.5 FABRICATION TOOLING. 73 A.5.1 Sawing 73 A.5.2 Routing . 74 A.5.3 Sanding 74 A.5.4 Drilling 7
20、5 A.6 GENERAL RULES FOR FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION 75 A.6.1 Fabrication in the Shop 75 A.6.2 Postforming Laminates 77 A.6.3 Installation on the Job 78 A.6.4 Field Working of Bonded Assemblies 79 A.7 TYPICAL PROBLEMSCAUSES AND PREVENTION 79 Annex B CARE AND CLEANING OF LAMINATES Annex C PERCEPTION
21、OF SCRATCHES Annex D WEAR RESISTANCE CHART Copyright 2005 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. LD 3-2005 Page iii Foreword This Standards Publication has been prepared by the Decorative Laminate Section of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association for use by manufacturers an
22、d fabricators of high-pressure decorative laminates (HPDL). The test methods and performance values presented have been related as closely as possible to end-use applications, and user needs have been considered throughout. The purpose of this Standards Publication is to provide standard test method
23、s and performance values for high-pressure decorative laminates. Standards Publication LD 3-2005 revises and supersedes LD 3-2000. The Decorative Laminate Section works closely with trade organizations and appropriate government agencies in the periodic review and revision of these standards. The Se
24、ctions testing laboratory at North Carolina State University has been instrumental over a period of years in developing new test methods and perfecting old test methods, and also in conducting round robins among producer laboratories to prove the reproducibility of test methods. These standards are
25、also periodically reviewed by the Decorative Laminate Section for any revisions necessary to keep them up to date with advancing technology. Proposed or recommended revisions should be submitted to: Vice President, Engineering Department National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th
26、Street, Suite 1847 Rosslyn, Virginia 22209 In this 2005 edition of the NEMA Standards Publication for High-Pressure Decorative Laminates, effort has been continued to relate the Standards more closely to the performance expected in their end-use applications. The type and thickness of the decorative
27、 laminate, the substrate, the adhesive, and the fabricating techniques employed have a definite bearing on the performance of the final product in service. Information on substrates, adhesives, fabrication, and installation has been updated and is found in Annex A. Information concerning care and cl
28、eaning of high-pressure decorative laminate (HPDL) is found in Annex B. Information pertaining to the perception of scratches is found in Annex C. Information about the NEMA wear resistance chart is found in Annex D. Where values are given in both metric and U. S. customary units, the metric units a
29、re to be regarded as the standard. Equipment drawings in this edition are designed with metric units. Existing equipment, built to U. S. customary units and in compliance with the 2000 edition of the NEMA LD 3 standard, remain acceptable for use. Copyright 2005 by the National Electrical Manufacture
30、rs Association. LD 3-2005 Page iv Members Formica Corporation Nevamar Company, LLC 10155 Reading Road One Nevamar Place Cincinnati, OH 45241 Hampton, SC 29924 (800) 367-6422 (800) 845-4790 Wilsonart International P. O. Box 6110 2400 Wilson Place Temple, TX 76503-6110 (800) 433-3222 NEMA 6 LD Section
31、 Testing Laboratory North Carolina State University Department of Wood and Paper Science Box 8005 411 Dan Allen Drive Raleigh, NC 27695 (919) 515-2850 Copyright 2005 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. LD 3-2005 Page 1 Section 1 GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE This Standards Publication covers h
32、igh-pressure decorative laminate (HPDL) sheets which consist of papers, fabrics, or other core materials that have been laminated at pressures of more than 5.0 MPa using thermosetting condensation resins as binders. 1.2 REFERENCED STANDARDS In this publication, reference is made to the standards lis
33、ted below. Copies are available from the indicated sources: American Society for Testing and Materials 100 Barr Harbor Drive West Conshohocken, PA 19428 (610) 832-9585 D 523-99 Specular Gloss D 638-02 Tensile Properties of Plastics D 790-03 Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics
34、 and Electrical Insulating Materials G 155-00ae1 Standard Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials International Organization for Standardization 1, Rue de Varembe Case Postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland documents are available from American Nationa
35、l Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street New York, NY 10036 (212) 642-4980 ISO 4586-1 High-pressure decorative laminates (HPL)-Sheets based on thermosetting resins (Usually called Laminates) National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street Rosslyn, Virginia 22209 documents are a
36、vailable from Global Engineering Documents 15 Inverness Way East Englewood, CO 80112 (800) 854-7179 LI 1-2004 Industrial Laminated Thermosetting Products Copyright 2005 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. LD 3-2005 Page 2 Technical Association of the Pulp if it disappears, report i
37、t as a change in surface finish. 3.3.5 Factors Influencing the Accuracy of the Test a. The black panel thermometer should be mounted at the same distance from the light source as the samples. The black coating should be such as to report as accurate as possible the black body temperature of the pane
38、l. b. All test parameters should be maintained as closely as possible to the set-point. c. The manufacturers recommendations for calibrations, maintenance, and filter changes should be adhered to stringently. d. All sample locations should be filled during the test cycle utilizing blanks as necessar
39、y in order to maintain correct air-flow through the test chamber. 3.3.6 Test Report The light resistance shall be reported as one of the following: a. No effectno change in color or surface finish. b. Slight effecta change in color or surface finish visible only at certain angles and directions. c.
40、Moderate effecta change in color or surface finish visible at all angles and directions but does not notably alter the original condition of the specimen. Copyright 2005 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. LD 3-2005 Page 14 d. Severe effecta change in color or surface finish which
41、markedly alters the original condition of the specimen. The report shall include the test apparatus utilized. 3.4 CLEANABILITY/STAIN RESISTANCE 3.4.1 Scope This test measures both the ease of cleanability and stain resistance of high-pressure decorative laminate by common household substances. 3.4.2
42、 Test Apparatus and Materials The test apparatus and materials shall include: a. Concave glass covers, one for each test reagent requiring a cover, having flat fire-polished rims, 25 mm (1 in.) in diameter. b. Commercially available non-abrasive cleaner containing 4% butyl cellosolve. c. A 5% 0.5% s
43、olution of sodium hypochlorite (bleach solution). d. Baking soda (a mild abrasive household cleaner). e. A clean, soft, white cloth. f. A stiff nylon bristle brush, such as a nail brush. g. Cotton balls. h. Cellulose sponge 75 x 100 x 50 mm (3 x 4 x 2 in.). i. Overhead white fluorescent lights with
44、bulb(s) positioned parallel to the line of sight and providing an intensity of 800 to 1100 lux (75 to 100 ft-ca) on the specimen surface. j. Water. k. Acetone (non-oily nail polish remover). l. 1 kg mass. 3.4.3 Test Specimens The test specimen shall have an area sufficient to permit placing all 15 o
45、f the test reagents on its surface in two lines. Individual stains shall be placed about 50 mm (2 in.) apart. A 100 x 400 mm (4 x 16 in.) specimen is adequate. 3.4.4 Test Reagents Reagents shall be kept in closed containers to avoid change in concentration. Perishable food items shall be kept refrig
46、erated. Copyright 2005 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. LD 3-2005 Page 15 Test Reagent Number Stain Preparation Notes Application 1 Distilled water as received apply 2 drops (6 mm spot) cover with watch glass 2 Ethyl alcohol solution A solution of 50% ethyl alcohol and 50% disti
47、lled water as above 3 Acetone as received as above 4 Household ammonia as received (non-sudsing type) as above 5 10% Citric acid A solution of 10% citric acid in distilled water as above 6 Vegetable oil as received as above 7 Fresh coffee 1 teaspoon instant coffee per 180 ml of distilled water as ab
48、ove 8 Fresh tea Brew 1 tea bag per 120 ml distilled boiling water for 2 minutes as above 9 Catsup as received as above 10 Yellow mustard as received as above 11 10% Povidone iodine as received as above 12 Black permanent marker as received mark spot (6 mm spot) do not cover 13 #2 pencil as received
49、as above 14 Wax crayon as received as above 15 Black paste shoe polish as received apply spot (6 mm spot) do not cover 3.4.5 Test Procedure a. Using the commercial cleaner and water, clean the surface of the test specimen with a clean, soft, white cloth. Rinse the specimen thoroughly and dry using another clean, soft, white cloth. Allow to dry completely at a temperature of 23o 2oC (73.4o 3.6oF). b. Position the test specimen on a flat, level, horizontal, surface (table or bench) and tape or weigh it down so there will not be any variation from the horizontal plane
