1、MIL-HDBK-gLLB SL m 7777770 0063752 L m a NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE MIL-HDBK-411 B 15 MAY 1990 _ SUPERSEDING 21 MAY 1971 MIL-HDBK-411 A MILITARY HANDBOOK POWER AND THE ENVIRONMENT FOR SENSITIVE CTRONIC EQUIPMENT (GENERAL) DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. ApDroved for public release: distribution is unlimite
2、d. a Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-411B VOLUME I CONTENTS PARAGRAPH 1 . 1.1 1.2 1.3 1 :4 14.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 2 . 2.1 211.1 2.1 02 2.2 2.3 3 . 3.1 3.2 4
3、. 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.1.5.1 4.1.5.2 4.1.5.3 4,1.,5.4 4.1.6 4.1.6.1 4.1.6.2 4.1.6.3 4.1.6.4 4.1.7 4.1.8 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 4.2.7 4.2.8 SCOPE . Purpose . Appl icabi 1 i ty Application guidance . Safety Safe work place Confined spaces Electrical /electronic equipmen
4、t . REFERENCED DOCUMENTS Government documents . Other Government documents. drawings. and publications Order of precedence . Specifications. standards. and handbooks Other publications DEFINITIONS Acronyms and abbrevi ati ons Terms and definitions GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Mission requirements definition
5、 . Mission function. . Mission criticality Operating organization( s) . Supporting and supported organizations . Location and site survey Geographic and geopol i-tical considerations . Local power availability. Building construction Location. Equipment requirements . Mission-essential equipment . Mi
6、 ssi on support equipment Environmental equipment . Personnel requirements . Si te-uni que requi rements Power requirements (general) . Voltage Transformers Phase . Frequency . Current Wattage Power factor Heat dissipation Administrative support equipment . PAGE 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 . 1-3
7、 1-3 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-7 1-8 1-8 1-9 1-16 1-16 1-16 1-16 1-17 1-17 1-17 1-1 7 1-17 1-17 1-18 1-18 1-18 1-18 1-18 1-18 1-18 1-19 1-19 1-20 1-20 1-20 1-24 1-24 1-24 1-24 1-24 ii Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or network
8、ing permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-qLLB SL W 7797770 OOhL75q 5 MIL-HDBK-41 IB VOLUME I CONTENTS (continued) 4.2.9 4.2.9.1 4.2.9.2 4.2-9.3 4.2.10 43 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.4.1 4.4.4.2 4.4.4.3 4.4.4.4 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.2.1 4.5.2.2 4.5.2.3 4.5.2.4 4.5.3 4.
9、5.4 4.5.4.1 4.5.4.2 45.4.3 4.6 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.6.4 4.6.5 4*7 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.9 4.9.1 4.9.2 4.9.3 4.9.4 4.9.5 Conversions Wattage . Power factor Heat dissipation . Data collection Primary 1 oca1 power characteristics and sources U.S. commercial power grid . U.S. Government-owned and operated po
10、wer system Foreign power grid . Power disturbances and monitoring Lightning . System-generated disturbances . Power grid generated disturbances . . e e . . Protection technlques and location of devices . Fuses Circuit breakers . Protective re1 ays Surge suppressors (arresters) Power conversion. cond
11、itioning. and regulation . Special power eonsi derations for communications and computer-based equipment . . e . e e . Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) . Rotary UPS Solid state UPS . No-break generators e e o e . . e . . e e . . UPS bypass Voltage regulation . Power isolation Isolation transformer
12、s Power filters Power filter bypass . Pobver distribution Circuit breakers and distribution panels . . e . Special applications for fuses . Ground-fault circuit interrupters . . a e . Distribution transformers . Electric motor control and protection . Power system grounding Power system monitoring a
13、nd control . . e . e e . Transfer switching . Automatic transfer switches e . o e . . o . . Auxiliary power systems . Engine generators . Motor generators Integration of auxiliary power systems . Location Fuel types and storage . 1-24 1-24 1-24 1-26 1-26 1-26 1-26 1-29 1-29 1-31 1-31 1-31 1-34 1-34
14、1-34 1-35 1-35 1-37 1-37 a -39 1-39 1-43 1-43 1-46 1-46 1-46 1-46 1-47 1-47 1-47 1-47 1-48 1-48 1-48 1-51 1-51 1-51 1-53 1-53 1-53 1-53 1-53 1-55 1-55 1-55 1-55 iii Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking per
15、mitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-411B VOLUME I CONTENTS (conti nued) 4.9.6 4.9.7 4.9.8 4.9.9 4.10 4.10.1 4.10.2 4.10.3 4.10.4 4.10.5 4.11 4.11.1 4.11.2 4.11.2.1 4.11.2.2 4.11.2.2.1 4.11.2.2.2 4.11.2.2.3 4.11.2.2.4 4.11.3 4.11.4 4.12 4.13 4.13.1 4.13.1.1 4.13.1.2 4.13.1.3 4.13.1.4 4.13.1
16、.5 4.13.1.6 4.13.1.6.1 4.13,1.6.2 4.13.1.7 4.13.1.7.1 4.13.1.7.2 4.13.1.7.3 4.13.2 4.13.2.1 4.13.2.2 4.13.2.3 4.13.2.4 4.13.2.5 4.13.3 4.13.3.1 Auxiliary power system quality . Auxiliary power system monitoring and control . Energy conservation methods Alternative power systems Sol ar power Renewabl
17、e al ternate fuel s . . Fuel cells . Wind energy conversion . Small nuclear reactors . Direct current (dc) power systems Rectifier/chargers . Batteries . Sizing Battery room considerations . Weizht. Racs Seismic concerns Ventilation/hazardous gas control . Battery safety . Overvoltage protection for
18、 direct current (dc) sources Power system upgrade planning Envi ronmental considerations . Fundamentals of environmental control . Temperature . Humi di ty . Atmospheric air . Pressure . Psychrometrics and the psychrometric chart . Personal comfort and health . Indoor air quality (IAQ) and pol lutio
19、n control Temperature. humidity . noi se. and other factors Heat . Types of heat . Heat transfer . Heat measurement Site survey environmental factors . Climate . Geographical features Site resources Local utilities . Local support activities . Building construction and design conditions Heat transfe
20、r properties . Cogeneration iv 1-56 1-56 1-57 1-57 1-59 1-59 1-59 1-60 1-60 1-60 1-62 1-62 1-62 1-62 1-64 1-64 1-64 1-64 1-64 1-64 1-66 1-66 1-66 1-66 1-66 1-67 1-67 1-69 1-69 1-69 1-69 1-73 1-73 1-73 1-73 1-76 1-77 1-77 1-77 1-77 1-77 1-77 1-77 1-77 Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Pr
21、ovided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-4.13.3.2 4.13.4 4.13.4.1 4.13.4.1.1 4.13.4.1.2 4.13.4.1.3 4,13.4.1.4 4.13.5.1.5 4.13.4.2 4.13.4.2.1 4.13.4.2.2 4.13.4.2.3 4.13.4.2.4 4.13.4.2.5 4.13.4.3 4.13.4.3.1 4.13.4.3.2 4.
22、13.4.4 4.13.4.4.1 4.13.4.4.2 4.13.4.4.3 4.13.4.5 4.13.4.5,l 4.13.4.5.2 4.13.4.5.3 4.1 3.4.5.4 4.13.4.5.5 4.13.4.5.6 4.13.4.5.7 4.13.4.6 4.1 3.4.7 4.13.4.7.1 4.13.4.7.2 4.13.4.7.3 4.13.47.4 4.13.4.7.5 4.13.5 4.13.6 4.13.6.1 4.13.6,2 4.13.6,3 4.13.6.4 4.13.6.5 4.13.6.6 MIL-HDBK-4LLB SL 9977770 00bL956
23、 7 MI L-HDBK-411 B VOLUME I CONTENTS (conti nued) Practical calculations and design conditions. Environmental equipment and systems e . . . . . Heating . . . . . . - . . . . . . . e Forced-air systems. o . . e . . . , . . . Hot water systems . . e e . e e . . e . . e Steam systems . e . . e o . . .
24、. . . . . . Radiant panel systems e a . . . . . . . . e Supplemental heating systems. . . . . . . . Ventilating . . . . . . e . . . . . . . . e Ventilation standards . . . . . . . e . . . Natural venti 9 ati on . . . . . . . . o . . . Mec hanical venti 1 ati on. . e . . . . . . . . Fans . -. . . . .
25、 . . . . . . . . . . . Di stri bution of venti 1 ati on and conditioned air e . e . o o . . . . . o e . Cooling a. e -. . . . . . e * . e e o. Types of cooling equipment. . . . . . . . . Special cool i ng equipment consi derati ons. e Humidity level control. . e e . e e . . . a Humidification. . a e
26、 e o . e . o . . . e Behumidification. . e . . . . . . o . . . Specla1 humidity considerations a e . e e e Lightfng terns, symbols, and units. . o e e Lumlnous flux e . o e o e . e . o Coefficient of utilization. e . . . . . . o Human vS si on and brightness consi deratf ons. Physical factors of see
27、ing. . . . o o e o e Lighting controls . . o e e o . . . . . e Lighting innovations. . . . . . . . o . o . Electrostatic discharge (ESB) control . e o Mater supply and water treatment. e . . . e Water sources and usage . . e e e . . . . Water quality standards and treatment e . o Water distribution
28、and storage. . . . . o . Waste water treatment . . . . . . . . . e e Domestic hot water service. o o . o . . . e Special envi ronmental considerations for communicatfon and computer-based equipment. e e Envi ronmental systems moni tori ng and control. . HVAC control. e . . . . e . . . . . . . . . Mi
29、croprocessor control of HVAC systems. . . . lrect digital control. e . e . . . . . . . . Control systems configuration . . o . . . . e Effects of duct design on control systems . . Integrated building automation systems. . . . Lighting. o e o e e e . . o . . e . . o o V 1-77 1-81 1-81 1-81 1-82 1-82
30、 1-82 1-82 1-82 1-82 1-83 1-83 1-83 1-83 1-83 1-85 1-85 1-85 1-85 1-85 1-86 1-86 1-86 1-87 1-87 1-88 1-88 1-90 1-92! 1 -95 1-95 1-95 1-95 1-98 1-98 1-98 1-98 1-1 O0 1-1 o1 1-1 o1 1-1 o1 1-1 03 1-1 03 1-1 03 Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not fo
31、r Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-4.13.7 4.13.7.1 4.13.7.2 4.13.7.3 4.13.7.4 4.13.8 4.13.9 4.13.9.1 4.13.9.2 4.13.9.3 4.13.9.4 4.13.9.5 4.14 4.14.1 4.14.2 4.14.3 4.15 4.15.1 4.15.2 4.15.3 4.15.3.1 4.15.3.2 4.1 5.3.3 4.15.3.4 4.15.4 4.1 6 4.17 4.18 4.18.1
32、4.18.2 4.18.2.1 4.1 8.2.2 4.18.2.3 4.18.2.4 4.18.3 4.18.3.1 4.18.3.2 4.18.3.3 4,18.3.4 4.19 4.19.1 MIL-HDBK-411B VOLUME I CONTENTS (continued) Energy conservation Energy management program Cogeneration and other heat recovery methods . Energy efficient construction Efficient HVAC equipment operation
33、 Environmental systems upgrade planning . Future environment control trends which may impact DoD communications and data processing facilities . Energy management Computers and environmental control . New technologies . New materi al s New equipment Electromagnetic interference (EM1 and electroma ne
34、tic compatibility (EMC) . Foreign EMI/EMC standards . Methods of compliance . Transient vol tage protection . Lightning . Switching transients Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and high al titude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) EMP survi val requi rements EMP effects compared with lightning . EMP effects on
35、power and communications . EMP hardening objectives . Grounding. bonding. and shielding (GBS) . TEMPEST requirements (general 1 Standard floor plan Inside environment . Ducts for communications . Rai sed floor consi derations . Ducts for power distribution . Utility distribution . Outside environmen
36、t Normal construction . Hardened construction Shock mount isolation Nuclear. biological. chemical (NBC) considerations Facility integration . Power and signal line integration . U.S. EM 9 /EMC standards Use of shielded enclosures in transient protection . Fixed facility design criteria 1-1 03 1-1 05
37、 1-105 1-1 05 1-1 05 1-1 06 1-1 06 1-1 06 1-1 06 1-1 07 1-1 07 1-107 1-1 07 1-1 07 1-1 07 1-1 08 1-108 1-1 08 1-1 08 1-1 08 1-1 08 1-110 1-110 1-1 10 1-110 1-110 1-1 13 1-1 13 1-1 13 1-113 1-1 13 1-113 1-1 14 1-114 1-114 1-114 1-114 1-115 1-115 1-1 15 1-115 vi Copyright Communications - Electronics
38、Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-IB SL 7977770 0061758 2 MIL-HDBK-411B VOLUME I 4.19.1.2 4.19.1.3 4.19.2 4.19.3 5. 6. 6.1 6.2 6.3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 fl 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2
39、4 25 26 CONTENTS (conti nued) Signal line shielding e e . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 15 Transient voltage protection. . . . o . . . 1-1 18 Signal line isolation . o . . . . . . . . . 1-115 Environmental control system balance. . . . . . 1-118 Integrated control of mi %si on support elements. 1-1 18 DETAI
40、LED REQUIREMENTS - NOT APPLICABLE. a . . . . e 1-119 NOTES e.e.O.eO Intended use. e e O *.e. Subject term (key wordj listing . . . . . . . . Changes from previous issue . e . . e a . o a e F 1 GUR ES Motor nameplate information . . . e e . o . . . . e Use of transformers in ac distribution. . . . e
41、. . Delta/wye transformer connections e e e . . o . Leading power faetsr triangle o e . e e e o . . o . Power hejrarehy diagram . . e e e o o o e . e Transmi ssi on and di stri buti on system block diagram . o o o e . o . o e . o . a e e e e e Graphic distribution location categories, e . e e e Powe
42、r distribution location categories. o o o e o e Representative indoor surge waveform. . . e o o . . Regulation, isolation, protection configuration Simplex UPS modes of operation. o o o . e e o e o e Off-line UPS. e e o e a e . e o . . . . e e o e e Simplex, full-time UPS configuration. . e e o o e
43、e Representati ve a6 power distribution diagram. o e. e e a e e. o o. e o e o e Grounding and neutral wiring. o . e e o e e a e Emergency generator transfer switch o e e e . . Cogeneration concepts . . e . o e o e . e e e e o Hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell . a o . o e ., o e . e a Small dc UPS for microc
44、omputers . . e e . o a e . Sling psyehrometer. e o . . o . o a . e o . e o o Manometer . e . o e o o . . e e e . . o . e e Psychometric chart. e . . e . e . . . . e o e o Acceptabl e temperature and humidi ty ranges. Concrete block wall insulating qualities. . e e . . Dedicated computer room envi ro
45、nmental control system. . e o . . . . . e . o e . o o e e e The electromagnetic spectrum and physical factors of seeing . e . . . . . . . e . e e . o . . 1-1 19 1-119 1-119 1-1 20 1-21 1-22 1-23 1-25 1-27 1-28 1-30 1-32 1-38 1-41 1-42 1-44 1-45 1-49 9-52 1-54 1-58 1-61 1-63 1-68 1-70 1-71 1-74 1-79
46、1-84 1-89 vi i 4 Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 I II * III . IV V VI VI1 VI11 IX X XI XII XII1 APPEMDIX A 10 20 30 MIL-HDBK-411 B VO
47、LUME I FIGURES (continued Use of wall switches for zonal and level 1 ighting control. . Power consumption using solid-state dimmer. .* . Seasonal changes in solar radiation Effects of poor temperature regulation on energy consumption and comfort . Interconnection reductions by using dedicated module
48、s (DM). Expected HEMP coverage. General ized topo1 ogical protection. Bonded equipment shock mount. . Integrated ice storage/spri nkl er/cogeneration HVAC system diagram TABLES Surge vol tage and currents representing indoor environment. . Advantages of sol i d-state protective relays General ized e
49、ffects of fl uctuati ng ac vol tage Commonly specified power distribution centers NFPA-76A alarm 1 ight recommendations for engine generators Characteristics of battery types. . Indoor pollution sources. Noise parameters. Recommended design conditions for DoD electronic facilities . . . . . Lighting symbols and terms. . Electrostatic vol tage generated at varying humidities. . Estimated domestic and industrial water requiremen
