1、1 NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE MIL-HDBK-797(AR) 2 December 1994 MILITARY HANDBOOK POLYAMIDE (NYLON) PLASTICS: PROPERTIES, PROCESSINGy PERFORMANCEy AND M I LITARY A P PLI CATI O N S AMSC N/A FSC 9330 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Provided by IHS Not fo
2、r Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-FOREWORD 1. 2. This military handbook is approved for use by all Activities and Agencies of the Department of the Army and is available for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense. Beneficial comm
3、ents (recommendations, additions, and deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to Commander, US Army Armament Research, Development, and Engineering Center, ATTN: SMCAR-BAC-S, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ 07806-5000, by using the Standardization Do
4、cu- ment Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. Nylon is an engineering material that is widely used in armaments and other applications. The information in this handbook is focused for the design engineer who might not be familiar with the properties
5、 of nylon. This handbook was developed under the auspices of the US Army Materiel Commands Engineering Design Handbook Program, which is under the direction of the US Army Industrial Engineering Activity. Research Triangle Institute (RTI) was the prime contractor for the preparation of this handbook
6、. 3. * Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- - . MIL-HDB K-797(AR) CONTENTS Foreword ii List of Illustrations . v111 List of Tables x List of Abbreviations and Acronyms . xi . CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 PURPOSE . 1-1 1-2 SCOPE . 1-1 1-3
7、 HISTORY 1-1 1-3.1 NYLON DEVELOPMENT MILESTONES . 1-1 1-3.2 NYLON-THE FIRST ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTIC 1-1 1-3.3 NYLON-MANY COMPOUNDS FOR PROPERTY VARIATIONS . 1-2 1-4 OVERVIEW 1-2 REFERENCES . 1-3 CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF NYLONS 2-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS 2-1 2-1 STATUS OF NYLONS AS ENGINEERING PLASTIC
8、S 2-1 2-2 NOMENCLATURE 2-2 2-3 SYNTHESIS AND CHEMISTRY-MAJOR AND MINOR TYPES . 2-4 2-3.1 INTRODUCTION 2-4 2-3.2 BASIC METHODS OF SYNTHESIS . 2-4 2-3.2.1 Direct Amidation (Nylons 6/6, 6/10, 6/12, and 11) 2-4 2-3.2.2 Ring-Opening Polymerization (Nylons 6 and 12) 2-5 2-4 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS-GENE
9、RAL 2-6 2-4.1 ADVANTAGES . . 2-6 2-4.2 LIMITATIONS . 2-7 2-5 COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES-NYLON TYPES . 2-7 2-5.1 INTRODUCTION 2-7 2-5.2 MAJOR AND MINOR TYPES 2-8 2-5.3 OTHER COMMERCIALLY AVAILA YPES . 2-8 2-5.3.1 Cast Nylon 6 . . . 2-8 2-5.3.2 Copolymers 2-9 2-5.3.3 Transparent N s . 2-9 2-5.3.4 Supertou
10、gh Nylon . . 2-9 2-5.3.5 Filled or Reinforced Grades 2-9 2-5.3.6 Pressed and Sintered Parts 2-9 2-5.4 MISCELLANEOUS AND NEWER-TYPE NYLONS 2-9 2-5.4.1 Nylons Based on Aliphatic-Base Units . 2-9 2-5.4.2 Nylons Based on Aromatic (Ring)-Base Units . . 2-10 2-6 DISCUSSION OF PROPERTIES OF NYLONS . 2-10 2
11、-6.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND DURABILITY 2-10 2-6.1.1 Introduction . 2-10 2-6.1.2 Strength and Stiffness 2-10 2-6.1.2.1 Stress-Strain Behavior of Nylon 6/6 . 2-11 2-6.1.2.3 Modulus of Elasticity . 2-13 2-6.1.2.2 Tension and Compression . 2-12 2-6.1.4 Impact Resistance-Single Blow . . 2-15 2-6.1.3 F
12、atigue Resistance . 2-13 . 111 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-797 9999970 0196736 417 MIL-HDBK-797(AR) 2-6.1.5 2-6.1.6 2-6.1.7 2-6.1.8 Hardness 2-20 2-6.1.9 Abrasion Resistance . . 2-6.1.10 Frictional Properties . 2-21 2-
13、6.1.11 Wear . 2-22 Impact Resistance-Repeated Blows . 2-16 Creep: Long-Tem Loads 2-17 Recovery From Cyclic Loading 2-19 2-6.2 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 2-22 2-6.3 THERMAL PROPERTIES . 2-6.4 OPTICAL PROPERTIES . 2-7 BIBLIOGRAPHY . TABULATED DATA ON PROPERTIES OF NYLONS . REFERENCES . . 2-34 2-35 CHAPTER
14、3 MODIFICATION OF NYLONS 3-1 PHYSICAL MODIFICATIONS . . 3-1 3-1.1 FORM 3-1 3- 1.2 MOLECULAR WEIGHT 3-1 3-2 CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS 3-1 MODIFICATION BY ADDITIVES . 3-2 3-3.1 PROCESSING MODIFIERS . 3-2 3-3.4 COLORANTS 3-3 3-2.1 COPOLYMERS 3-1 3-2.2 POLYMER BLENDS 3-2 3-3 3-3.2 STABILIZERS . 3-3 3-3.3 F
15、IRE RETARDANTS 3-3 3-3.5 PLASTICIZERS 3-4 3-3.6 LUBRICATING AIDS . 3-3.7 ANTISTATIC AGENTS 3-5 3-4 3-4.1 FILLERS . 3-5 3-4.2 GLASS FIBERS . 3-5 3-4.3 GLASS SPHERES . 3-7 REFERENCES . 3-8 MODIFICATION BY REINFORCEMENT . 3-5 CHAPTER 4 PROCESSING METHODS 4- 1 INJECTION MOLDING 4-1 4-1.1.1 4-1.1.2 4-1.1
16、.3 4-1.1.4 4-1.2 DRYING 4-4 4- 1.3 4-1 3.1 4-1.3.2 Machine Design or Selection Considerations . 4-7 4-1 32.1.1 Mechanical Considerations . 4-7 4- 1.3.2.1.2 4-1.3.2.2 Mold Clamp . 4-8 4-1.3.2.3 4- 1.4 THE INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS 4-10 4-1.1 MATERIALS HANDLING . 4-1 Control of Moisture . 4-1 Control
17、of Contamination . 4-2 Control of Feed . 4-3 Automatic Handling Systems 4-3 INJECTION MOLDING EQUIPMENT . 4-5 Injection Molding Machine Types and Operation . 4-5 4-1.3.2.1 Injection System . 4-7 Temperature Control . 4-8 Molding Head Design 4-8 4-1.5 EFECTS-PROBLEM SOLVING . 4-13 4-2 E . 4-14 iv Pro
18、vided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-797 W 9999970 OL9b737 353 = 3 MIL-HDBK-797(AR) 4-2.1 EXTRUSION EQUIPMENT . 4-15 4-2.2 EXTRUSION OPERATION 4-18 4-3 BLOW MOLDING . 4-19 4-4 MONOMERIC CASTING 4-21 4-4.1 RESIN SYSTEM 4-21 4-4.2 M
19、ANUFACTURING PROCESS . 4-21 4-4.3 PROPERTIES 4-21 4-5 FLUIDIZED-BED AND ELECTROSTATIC COATING 4-21 4-5.1 CONVENTIONAL FLUIDIZED-BED COATING 4-22 4-5.1.1 Nylon Coating Materials . 4-22 4-5.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Fluidized-Bed Process . 4-23 4-5.1.2.1 Advantages . 4-23 4-5.1.2.2 Disad
20、vantages 4-23 4-5.2 ELECTROSTATIC DEPOSITION 4-23 4-5.2.1 Nylon Spray Powders 4-23 4-5.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrostatic Spray Coating . 4-23 4-5.3 ELECTROSTATIC FLUIDIZED-BED COATING . 4-23 4-6 ROTATIONAL MOLDING 4-24 4-6.1 PROCESS . 4-24 4-6.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS 4-24 4-6.3
21、 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 4-24 4-6.3.1 Advantages 4-24 4-6.3.2 Disadvantages . 4-25 4-7 PRESSED AND SINTERED PARTS . 4-25 4-7.1 PROCESS AND MATERIALS 4-25 4-7.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS 4-25 4-8 MOISTURE CONDITIONING AND ANNEALING OF MOLDED PARTS . 4-9 EXAMPLES OF MILITARY HARDWARE USING NYLO
22、NS FABRICAT PP . PROCESSING TECHNIQUES . 4-26 REFERENCES . 4-27 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 4-28 CHAPTER 5 DESIGNING WITH NYLONS 5-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS 5-1 5- 1 INTRODUCTION 5-2 DESIGN-GENERAL . 5-1 5-2.1 DESIGN PROCESS . 5-1 5-2.1.1 Identification of Requirements . . . 5-1 5-2.1.2 Drafting the Preliminary Design .
23、 5-2 5-2.1.3 Prototyping the Design 5-2 5-2.1.4 Testing the Design . . 5-3 5-2.2 5-2.2.1 Tolerance Specification . 5-3 5-2.2.2 Dimensional Stability . 5-3 5-2.2.3 Appearance and Structure . 5-4 5-3 PART DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . 5-4 5-3.1 PART GEOMETRY AND WALL THICKNESS . 5-4 5-3.2 RIBS AND STRENGTHE
24、NING MEMBERS . . 5-4 5-3.3 FILLETS AND RADII . . 5-5 5-3.4 DRAFT . 5-5 5-3.5 PARTING LINES . 5-5 5-3.6 THREADS 5-5 5-3.6.1 Stripped Threads . 5-5 5-3.6.2 Formed Threads 5-5 5-3.7 UNDERCUTS . 5-5 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 5-3 V Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitte
25、d without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-797(AR) 5-3.8 HOLES . 5-6 5-3.9 INSERTS 5-6 5-3.9.1 Insert Types . 5-6 5-3.9.1.1 Molded-In Inserts . 5-6 5-3.9.1.2 Pressed-In or Self-Threading Inserts 5-6 5-3.9.2 Hole Diameter for Inserts 5-7 5-3.9.3 Diameter of Bosses for Installation of Inserts . 5-7 5-3.
26、9.4 Effects of Time (Relaxation) on Insert Strength . 5-7 5-3.9.5 Strip-to-Drive Ratios . 5-7 5-3.9.6 Stresses Caused by Thermal Expansion and Contraction . 5-7 5-4 DESIGN METHODS 5-7 5-4.1 STRESS-STRAIN CURVE . 5-8 5-4.2 ENVIRONMENT 5-8 5-5 TYPICAL END PRODUCTS . 5-8 5-5.1 A PRESSURE VESSEL UNDER L
27、ONG-TERM LOADING 5-8 5-5.2 A PRESSURE VESSEL UNDER SHORT-TERM LOADING . 5-9 5-5.3 GEAR DESIGN . 5-10 5-5.4 BEARING DESIGN 5-10 5-5.4.1 Limiting Speeds and Loads-PV Factor 5-11 5-5.4.2 Design Suggestions 5-11 5-6.1 SAMPLING . 5-12 5-6.2 VISUAL INSPECTION . 5-13 , 5-6 QUALITY CONTROL 5-11 5-6.3 PART W
28、EIGHT AND VOIDS . 5-13 5-7 ASSEMBLY TECHNIQUES 5-12 5-7.1 PERMANENT AND TEMPORARY ASSEMBLY . 5-13 5-7.2 PERMANENT ATTACHMENT TECHNIQUES 5-14 5-7.2.1 Heading 5-14 5-7.2.2 Spin Welding . 5-14 5-7.2.3 Ultrasonic Welding 5-15 5-7.2.4 Vibration Welding . 5-16 5-7.2.6 Cementing . 5-17 5-7.2.6.1 Aqueous Ph
29、enol Cement . 5-18 5-7.2.6.2 Resorcinol Ethanol Solvent Cement . 5-18 5-7.2.6.3 Nylon-Bodied Calcium-Chloride-Ethanol Solvent Cement . 5-18 5-7.3 TEMPORARY ATTACHMENT TECHNIQUES 5-18 5-7.3.1 Machine Screws 5-7.3.2 Self-Threading Screws 5-19 5-7.3.4 Snap-Fit Joining 5-19 REFERENCES 5-20 5-7.2.5 Hot-P
30、late Welding . 5-17 5-7.3.3 Press-Fit Joining . . 5-19 CHAPTER 6 EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT 6- 1 6-2 6-2.1 6-2.2 EFFECTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 6-1 RESISTANCE OF NYLONS TO HIGH TEMPERATURES . 6-1 ALIPHATIC NYLON TYPES . 6-1 AROMATIC NYLON TYPES . 6-3 6-3 RESISTANCE OF NYLON TO WATER AND STEAM
31、. 6-3 6-4 WEATHERING . 6-3 6-4.1 TESTING PROCEDURES 6-4 6-4.2 WEATHERING IN VARIOUS LOCATIONS . . 6-4 6-4.3 ARTIFICIAL WEATHERING TESTS . 6-6 6-5 PERMEABILITY AND RESISTANCE TO CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS . . 6-7 6-5.1 PERMEABILITY DATA FOR NYLON . 6-7 vi Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or
32、 networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-NIL-HDBK-797 9 9999970 0396739 126 MIL-HDBK-797tAR) 6-5.3 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF NYLON . 6-9 6-6 PROPELLANTS AND EXPLOSIVES . 6-15 6-8 IRRADIATION . 6-16 REFERENCES . . 6-17 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6-17 6-5.2 MEASUREMENT OF PERMEABILITY . 6-9 . . 6-7 BACTERIA
33、 AND FUNGI: SOIL AND UNDERGROUND CONDITIONS 6-16 . . CHAPTER 7 SAFETY ASPECTS OF NYLON . 7-1 ECOLOGY 7-1 7-2 TOXICOLOGY . . . 7-1 7-3 FLAMMABILITY . . 7-1 REFERENCES . 7-2 CHAPTER 8 APPLICATIONS OF NYLONS 8-1.1 TOUGHNESS 8-1 8- 1 RELATIONSHIP OF APPLICATIONS TO PROPERTIES . 8-1 8- 1.2 RESISTANCE TO
34、FATIGUE AND REPEATED IMPACTS . . 8-1 8- 1.3 LOW FRICTION . 8-2 8-1.4 ABRASION RESISTANCE . 8-2 8-1.5 RESISTANCE TO OILS AND SOLVENTS 8-2 RESISTANCE TO CREEP OR RELAXATION . 8-3 8-2.2 TEXTILE MACHINERY USES . 8-4 8-2.3 HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCE USES . 8-4 8-2.4 OFFICE EQUIPMENT USES . 8-4 8-2.5 ELECTRICAL
35、COMPONENT USES . 8-4 8-2.6 OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS . 8-4 8-2.7 MEDICAL AND PERSONAL APPLICATIONS . 8-5 8-3.1 LARGE CALIBER AMMUN . 8-6 REFERENCES . 8-7 8- 1.6 STABILITY AT HIGH TEMPERATURES . 8-3 8-1.7 8-2 8-2.1 AUTOMOTIVE USES 8-4 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF NYLONS 8-3 . 8-3 MILITARY APPLICATIONS
36、 8-3.2 8-3.3 SMALL CALIBER WEAPONS 8-6 TRAINING AND PRACTICE MUNITIONS . 8-6 . INDEX . 1-1 SUBJECT TERM (KEY WORD) LISTING 5t-1 vii Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-797 9999970 0396740 948 Figure No . 2- 1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2
37、-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15 2-16 2-17 2-18 2-19 2-20 2-2 1 2-22 2-23 2-24 2-25 2-26 2-27 2-28 2-29 2-30 2-3 1 2-32 2-33 2-34 3- 1 3-2 4- 1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 MI L-H DB K-797(AR) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Title Page Tensile Stress-Strain Data for Zytel 101 (Nylon 6/6) at 23C (73F) .
38、 2-11 Rate of Water Absorption for Nylon 6/6 at 23C (73F) 2-11 Equilibrium Moisture Content vs Relative Humidity for Nylon 6/6 at 23C (73F) . 2-11 Tensile Stress-Strain Data for Zytel 133L (Nylon 6/6, Lubricated and Highly Nucleated) Dry as Molded . 2-12 Tensile Stress-Strain Data for ZyteF 101 (Nyl
39、on 6/6, Not Heat Stabilized) at 50% RH at Four Temperatures 2-12 Effect of Temperature on Tensile Yield Strength of Nylon 6/6 . 2-12 Yield Point of Zytel“ 101 (Nylon 6/6) vs Temperature and Moisture Content . 2-12 Yield Stress Data for Zytel 101 (Nylon 6/6) vs Strain Rate and Temperature 2-13 Stress
40、-Strain in Tension and Compression of Zytel 101 (Nylon 6/6) at 23C (73F) . 2-13 Flexural Modulus of Zytel 101 (Nylon 6/6) vs Temperature at Various Moisture Contents . 2-14 Flexural Fatigue Data for Zytel 101 (Nylon 6/6) Using Sonntag Machine at Constant Stress and 1800 cycles per Axial Fatigue of Z
41、ytel 101 (Nylon 6/6) With Alternate Tension and Compression Using Sonntag Machine at minute at 23C (73F) . 2-14 1800 cycles per minute and 23C (73F) 2-15 Effect of Moisture Content on Notched Izod Impact Strength of Nylon 6/6 at 23C (73F) . 2-16 Effect of Temperature on Notched Izod Impact Strength
42、of Dry-as-Molded Nylon 6/6 2-16 Creep in Flexure of Zytel 101 (Nylon 6/6) at 23C (73F) . 2-17 Creep in Flexure ofZytel 101 (Nylon 6/6) at 60C (140F) and 50% RH . 2-18 Strain in Flexure of Zytel 101 (Nylon 6/6) at 60C (140F) and 50% RH . 2-18 Isochronous Stress vs Strain in Flexure of Zytel 101 (Nylo
43、n 6/6) at 23C (73F) and 50% RH 2-19 Tensile Creep of Nylon 6/6 at 20.7 MPa (3000 psi), 23C (73“F), and 50% RH . 2-19 Nylon 6/6 Apparent Modulus vs Time at 23C (73F) Cyclic Loading and Recovery of Zytel 101 (Nylon 6/6) With Short-Term Loads-6.9 MPa (1000 psi)-at Cyclic Loading and Recovery of Zytel 1
44、01 (Nylon 6/6) With Short-Term Loads-13.8 MPa (2000 psi)-at Cyclic Loading and Recovery of ZyteF 101 (Nylon 6/6) With Long-Term Loading-10.3 MPa (1500 psi)-at Cyclic Loading and Recovery of Zytel 101 (Nylon 6/6) With Long-Term Loading-20.7 MPa (3000 psi)-at 23C (73F) . 2-20 Short -Time Dielectric St
45、rength of Nylon 6/6 (Celanese*Nylon 1000) vs Thickness at 23C (73F) . 2-23 2-23 Volume Resistivity vs Temperature for Dry-as-Molded Nylon at 25OC (7 ) . 2-23 Effect of Moisture Content on Volume Resistivity of Nylon at 23C (73F) . 2-23 Dielectric Constant vs Temperature, Samples Conditioned as Indic
46、ated 2-24 Effect of Moisture on Dielectric Constant Measured at 100 Hz Using 3.3-mm (0.129-in.) Thick Plaques at 23C (73F) . . 2-24 Dissipation Factor vs Temperature With Samples Conditioned at 50% RH and 23C (73C) . 2-25 Effect of Moisture on Dissipation Factor at 100 Hz, Samples at 23C (73F) . 2-2
47、5 Spectral Transmittance Curve of Zytel“ 101 (Nylon 6/6) Resin in Ultraviolet and Visible Regions, Cary Model 14 With Integrating Sphere 2-27 Spectral Transmittance Curve of ZyteF 101 (Nylon 6/6) Resin in Near-Infrared Region, Cary Model 14 Without Integrating Sphere Resistance of 33% Glass-Reinforc
48、ed Nylon 6/6 to the Effects of Water at 100C . 3-7 Tensile Strength Versus Temperature and Moisture for ZyteF 70 G-33L, Cross-Head Speed 0.2 in./min 3-7 Moisture Absorption of Nylon 6/6 Pellets 4-2 Effect of Drying Temperature and Vacuum on Equilibrium Moisture Content of Nylon 6/6 . 4-4 Carousel-Ty
49、pe Hopper Dryer 4-4 Schematic Drawing of Injection End of a Single-Stage Plunger Machine . 4-6 Two-Plate, Two-Cavity, Edge-Gated Mold . 4-6 Injection End of a Reciprocating Screw Machine . 4-7 Relationships Among the Sprue, Runners, and Gates . 4-9 2-19 23C (73OF) . 2-19 23C (73F) . 2-20 23C (73F) . 2-20 Effect of Temperature on Dielectric Strength of Nylon 6/6 . v111 . Provided by IHS N
