1、2015ASHRAE HANDBOOKHVAC APPLICATIONSSI EditionSupported by ASHRAE Research2015 ASHRAEHANDBOOKHeating, Ventilating,andAir-ConditioningAPPLICATIONSASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgSI Edition 2015 ASHRAE. All rights reserved.DEDICATED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OFTHE PROFESSION
2、AND ITS ALLIED INDUSTRIESNo part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing fromASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations ina review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system,
3、or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying,recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permis-sion should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Volunteer members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and others compiled the infor-mation in this han
4、dbook, and it is generally reviewed and updated every four years. Com-ments, criticisms, and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited. Any errors oromissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor. Additions and correc-tions to Handbook volumes in print will be publ
5、ished in the Handbook published the yearfollowing their verification and, as soon as verified, on the ASHRAE Internet web site.DISCLAIMERASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated,and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, proce
6、ss,procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technicaldata or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, orguaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like.ASHRAE does not warrant that
7、the information in this publication is free of errors. Theentire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.ISBN 978-1-936504-94-7ISSN 1078-6082The paper for this book is both acid- and elemental-chlorine-free and was manufactured with pulp obtained from sources us
8、ing sustainable forestry practices.CONTENTSContributorsASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Resource GroupsASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of LifePrefaceCOMFORT APPLICATIONSChapter 1. Residences (TC 8.11, Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps)2. Retail Facilities
9、 (TC 9.8, Large Building Air-Conditioning Applications)3. Commercial and Public Buildings (TC 9.8)4. Tall Buildings (TC 9.12, Tall Buildings)5. Places of Assembly (TC 9.8)6. Hotels, Motels, and Dormitories (TC 9.8)7. Educational Facilities (TC 9.7)8. Health Care Facilities (TC 9.6, Healthcare Facili
10、ties)9. Justice Facilities (TC 9.4, Justice Facilities)10. Automobiles (TC 9.3, Transportation Air Conditioning)11. Mass Transit (TC 9.3)12. Aircraft (TC 9.3)13. Ships (TC 9.3)INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONSChapter 14. Industrial Air Conditioning (TC 9.2, Industrial Air Conditioning)15. Enclosed Vehicular F
11、acilities (TC 5.9, Enclosed Vehicular Facilities)16. Laboratories (TC 9.10, Laboratory Systems)17. Engine Test Facilities (TC 9.2)18. Clean Spaces (TC 9.11, Clean Spaces)19. Data Centers and Telecommunication Facilities (TC 9.9, Mission Critical Facilities, Data Centers, Technology Spaces, and Elect
12、ronic Equipment)20. Printing Plants (TC 9.2)21. Textile Processing Plants (TC 9.2)22. Photographic Material Facilities (TC 9.2)23. Museums, Galleries, Archives, and Libraries (TC 9.8)24. Environmental Control for Animals and Plants (TC 2.2, Plant and Animal Environment)25. Drying and Storing Selecte
13、d Farm Crops (TC 2.2)26. Air Conditioning of Wood and Paper Product Facilities (TC 9.2)27. Power Plants (TC 9.2)28. Nuclear Facilities (TC 9.2)29. Mine Ventilation and Air Conditioning (TC 9.2)30. Industrial Drying (TC 9.2)31. Ventilation of the Industrial Environment (TC 5.8, Industrial Ventilation
14、)32. Industrial Local Exhaust (TC 5.8)33. Kitchen Ventilation (TC 5.10, Kitchen Ventilation)ENERGY-RELATED APPLICATIONSChapter 34. Geothermal Energy (TC 6.8, Geothermal Heat Pump and Energy Recovery Applications)35. Solar Energy Use (TC 6.7, Solar Energy Utilization)BUILDING OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMEN
15、TChapter 36. Energy Use and Management (TC 7.6, Building Energy Performance)37. Owning and Operating Costs (TC 7.8, Owning and Operating Costs)38. Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing (TC 7.7, Testing and Balancing)39. Operation and Maintenance Management (TC 7.3, Operation and Maintenance Management)4
16、0. Computer Applications (TC 1.5, Computer Applications)41. Building Energy Monitoring (TC 7.6)42. Supervisory Control Strategies and Optimization (TC 7.5, Smart Building Systems)43. HVAC Commissioning (TC 7.9, Building Commissioning)GENERAL APPLICATIONSChapter 44. Building Envelopes (TC 4.4, Buildi
17、ng Materials and Building Envelope Performance)45. Building Air Intake and Exhaust Design (TC 4.3, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration)46. Air Cleaners for Gaseous Contaminants (TC 2.3, Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Con-taminant Removal Equipment)47. Design and Application of Controls (TC 1
18、.4, Control Theory and Application)48. Noise and Vibration Control (TC 2.6, Sound and Vibration Control)49. Water Treatment: Deposition, Corrosion, and Biological Control (TC 3.6, Water Treatment)50. Service Water Heating (TC 6.6, Service Water Heating Systems)51. Snow Melting and Freeze Protection
19、(TC 6.5, Radiant Heating and Cooling)52. Evaporative Cooling (TC 5.7, Evaporative Cooling)53. Fire and Smoke Control (TC 5.6, Control of Fire and Smoke)54. Radiant Heating and Cooling (TC 6.5)55. Seismic- and Wind-Resistant Design (TC 2.7, Seismic and Wind Resistant Design)56. Electrical Considerati
20、ons (TC 1.9, Electrical Systems)57. Room Air Distribution (TC 5.3, Room Air Distribution)58. Integrated Building Design (TC 7.1, Integrated Building Design)59. HVAC Security (TG2, Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning Security)60. Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment (TC 2.9, Ultraviolet Air a
21、nd Surface Treatment)61. Smart Building Systems (TC 7.5)62. Moisture Management in Buildings (TC 1.12, Moisture Management in Buildings)63. Codes and StandardsAdditions and CorrectionsIndexComposite index to the 2012 HVAC Systems and Equipment, 2013 Fundamentals, 2014 Refrig-eration, and 2015 HVAC A
22、pplications volumesComment PagesCONTRIBUTORSIn addition to the Technical Committees, the following individuals contributed significantly to this volume. The appropriate chapter numbers follow each contributors name.Van Baxter (1)Oak Ridge National LaboratoryEric Berg (1)Lennox IndustriesAmr Gado (1)
23、Emerson Climate TechnologiesFred T. Garrett, Jr. (1)Raymond Rite (1)Ingersoll RandTraneRobert Uselton (1)Lennox IndustriesPeter Simmonds (4)Building and Systems AnalyticsVincent Kam-Chuen Tse (4)Parsons Brinkerhoff (Asia) Ltd.William Webb (4)Webb Fire Protection Consulting, LLCDennis Wessel (4)Karpi
24、nski EngineeringItzhak Maor (7)Johnson ControlsPeter Langowski (8)BSA LifeStructures, Inc.Ann Peratt (8)PKMR EngineersKen Mead (8, 31, 32)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthEdward D. (Doug) Fitts (9)Fitts HVAC ConsultingGursaran D. Mathur
25、 (10, 52)Calsonic Kansei North AmericaJim Bushnell (11)HVAC Consulting ServicesHugh Ferdows (11)Sutrak CorporationRobert May (11)LTK EngineeringGary J. Prusak (11)Bombardier TransportGary Dutt (12)The Boeing CompanyRichard Fox (12)Honeywell AerospaceRay Horstman (12)Paul Lebbin (12)Canadian National
26、 Research CouncilAugusto San Cristobal (13)Bronswerk GroupAdam Smith (13)Bronswerk GroupChristopher Spunar (13)Carrier Corp.Charlie Chun-Lun Shieh (14, 17, 18, 27)CYS Consulting, LLCMichael C. Connor (14)Connor Engineering SolutionsEileen Jensen (14)Bonneville Power AdministrationJohn B. Riley (14)A
27、lbert Hartman (16)Harley Ellis DevereauxJohn Castelvecchi (17)Shultz and James, Inc.Will Mak (17)Cyclone Energy GroupSvein Morner (17)Sustainable Engineering Group LLCKishor Khankari (18)AnSight LLCGary Shamshoian (18)Integrated Building Design EngineeringTengfang (Tim) Xu (18)Andrew R. Baxter (19)P
28、age Southerland Page, LLPDon Beaty (19)DLB AssociatesGeorge W. DeGroft, III (19)Architect of the CapitolNicholas H. DesChamps (19)Munters CorporationMark Hydeman (19)Taylor Engineering, LLCDaniel Kennedy (19)Tate Access Floors, Inc.Matthew Koukl (19)Affiliated Engineers, Inc.Robert E. McFarlane (19)
29、Shen Milsom tele-phone: 404-636-8400; www.ashrae.org.PrefaceThe 2015 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Applications comprisesmore than 60 chapters covering a broad range of facilities and top-ics, written to help engineers design and use equipment and systemsdescribed in other Handbook volumes. Main sections cove
30、r com-fort, industrial, energy-related, general applications, and buildingoperations and management. ASHRAE Technical Committees ineach subject area have reviewed all chapters and revised them asneeded for current technology and design practice.An accompanying CD-ROM contains all the volumes chapter
31、sin both I-P and SI units.This edition includes two new chapters:Chapter 61, Smart Building Systems, covers smart systems andtechnologies for automated fault detection and diagnostics, sen-sors, and actuators, and the emerging modernized electric powergrid and its relationship to buildings and facil
32、ities.Chapter 62, Moisture Management in Buildings, addresses avoid-ing or reducing risks associated with damp buildings, with sug-gestions for architectural and HVAC system design, operation,and occupancy.Other selected highlights include the following:Chapter 1, Residences, has updated guidance on
33、 duct systemdesign and communicating control systems.Chapter 4, Tall Buildings, has new content on supertall and mega-tall buildings; improved stack effect discussion and calculations;and new information on chilled beams, code references, split cen-tral plants, and elevator shaft pressurization.Chap
34、ter 7, Educational Facilities, provides new design criteriaupdated for current standards, a new section on energy measure-ment and verification, and a newly compiled list of case studiesfrom ASHRAE Journal.Chapter 8, Health Care Facilities, has been extensively revised toANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 17
35、0-2013, with new content onregulatory resources, hospital-acquired infections, sustainability,and operations, and expanded text on control measures, outpa-tient care, isolation and bronchoscopy rooms, plus researchresults from RP-1343 on heat gain from imaging systems.Chapter 16, Laboratories, inclu
36、des updates on applying usage fac-tors, pressurization control, and energy efficiency measures.Chapter 18, Clean Spaces, has extensive new content on demandcontrol, computational fluid dynamics analysis, pharmaceuticalmanufacturing facilities, safety, environmental systems, installa-tion and testing
37、, and sustainability and energy conservation.Chapter 19, Data Centers and Telecommunication Facilities, hasbeen completely rewritten for current best practices as in theASHRAE Datacom Series.Chapter 33, Kitchen Ventilation, was updated for the latest revi-sions to relevant standards, with new sectio
38、ns added on commis-sioning and the design process (for the first-time designer), andthe chapter content restructured to reflect the sequence of thedesign process.Chapter 34, Geothermal Energy, has significant new content andexamples on ground-coupled heat pump systems design, hybridground-source hea
39、t pumps, piping, pressure considerations, purg-ing, deep boreholes, central plants, open-loop/surface-waterdirect cooling, and simulation.Chapter 35, Solar Energy Use, has revised examples and figures,plus new content on solar-combi systems; design, control, andoperation of solar cooling; and grid-c
40、onnected photovoltaic sys-tems.Chapter 49, Water Treatment, has major revisions on corrosion,deposition, microbiological growth and control, filtration andclosed-loop systems, alternative water sources, Legionnairesdisease, thermal storage, and steam boiler systems.Chapter 50, Service Water Heating,
41、 describes new technologiesfor hot-water generation and distribution and reducing consump-tion at end-use fixtures.Chapter 53, Fire and Smoke Control, has been revised to alignwith ASHRAEs Handbook of Smoke Control Engineering, withmany new figures and examples.This volume is published, as a bound p
42、rint volume and in elec-tronic format on CD-ROM and online, in two editions: one usinginch-pound (I-P) units of measurement, the other using the Interna-tional System of Units (SI).Corrections to the 2012, 2013, and 2014 Handbook volumes canbe found on the ASHRAE web site at http:/www.ashrae.org and
43、 inthe Additions and Corrections section of this volume. Correctionsfor this volume will be listed in subsequent volumes and on theASHRAE web site.Reader comments are enthusiastically invited. To suggest im-provements for a chapter, please comment using the form on theASHRAE web site or, using the c
44、utout page(s) at the end of thisvolumes index, write to Handbook Editor, ASHRAE, 1791 TullieCircle, Atlanta, GA 30329, or fax 678-539-2187, or e-mailmowenashrae.org.Mark S. OwenEditor1.1CHAPTER 1RESIDENCESSystems 1.1Equipment Sizing. 1.2Single-Family Residences . 1.3Multifamily Residences . 1.7Manuf
45、actured Homes 1.8PACE-CONDITIONING systems for residential use vary withSboth local and application factors. Local factors include energysource availability (present and projected) and price; climate;socioeconomic circumstances; and availability of installation andmaintenance skills. Application fac
46、tors include housing type, con-struction characteristics, and building codes. As a result, many differ-ent systems are selected to provide combinations of heating, cooling,humidification, dehumidification, ventilation, and air filtering. Thischapter emphasizes the more common systems for space condi
47、tion-ing of both single-family (i.e., traditional site-built and modular ormanufactured homes) and multifamily residences. Low-rise multi-family buildings generally follow single-family practice becauseconstraints favor compact designs; HVAC systems in high-rise apart-ment, condominium, and dormitor
48、y buildings are often of commer-cial types similar to those used in hotels. Retrofit and remodelingconstruction also adopt the same systems as those for new construc-tion, but site-specific circumstances may call for unique designs.1. SYSTEMSCommon residential systems are listed in Table 1. Three ge
49、ner-ally recognized groups are central forced air, central hydronic, andzoned systems. System selection and design involve such key deci-sions as (1) source(s) of energy, (2) means of distribution and deliv-ery, and (3) terminal device(s).Climate determines the services needed. Heating and cooling aregenerally required. Air cleaning, by filtration or electrostatic de-vices, is present in most systems. Humidification, when used, isprovided in heating systems for thermal comfort (as defined inASHRAE Standard 55), health, and reduction of static electricitydischarges. Cooling syste
