1、Designation: A788/A788M 16Standard Specification forSteel Forgings, General Requirements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A788/A788M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification2covers a group of common requi
3、re-ments that, unless otherwise specified in the individual productspecification, shall apply to steel forgings under any of thefollowing specifications issued by ASTM:ASTMDesignation TitleA266/A266M Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure VesselComponentsA288 Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Magnetic
4、Retaining Rings for Turbine GeneratorsA289/A289M Alloy Steel Forgings for Nonmagnetic Retain-ing Rings for GeneratorsA290/A290M Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings forReduction GearsA291/A291M Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions,Gears, and Shafts for Reduction GearsA336/A336M Alloy S
5、teel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature PartsA372/A372M Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure VesselsA427/A427M Wrought Alloy Steel Rolls for Cold and HotReductionA469/A469M Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for GeneratorRotorsA470/A470M Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy SteelFo
6、rgings for Turbine Rotors and ShaftsA471/A471M Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Tur-bine Rotor Disks and WheelsA504/A504M Wrought Carbon Steel WheelsA508/A508M Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-TreatedCarbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pres-sure VesselsA521/A521M Steel, Closed-Impression Die Forg
7、ings forGeneral Industrial UseA541/A541M Quenched and Tempered Carbon and AlloySteel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Compo-nentsA579/A579M Superstrength Alloy Steel ForgingsA592/A592M High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Fittings and Parts forPressure VesselsA646/A646M Premium Qua
8、lity Alloy Steel Blooms and Bil-lets for Aircraft and Aerospace ForgingsA649/A649M Forged Steel Rolls Used for Corrugating Pa-per MachineryA668/A668M Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for GeneralIndustrial UseA711/A711M Steel Forging StockA723/A723M Alloy Steel Forgings for High-Strength Pres-sure C
9、omponent ApplicationA729/A729M Alloy Steel Axles, Heat Treated, for MassTransit and Electric Railway ServiceA765/A765M Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Pressure-Vessel-Component Forgings with Manda-tory Toughness RequirementsA768/A768M Vacuum-Treated 12 % Chromium Alloy SteelForgings for Turbine Rot
10、ors and ShaftsA837/A837M Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Carburizing Applica-tionsA859/A859M Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pres-sure Vessel ComponentsA891/A891M Precipitation Hardening Iron Base SuperalloyForgings for Turbine Rotor Disks andWheelsA909/A909M Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for Genera
11、l Indus-trial UseA940/A940M Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differ-entially Heat Treated, for Turbine RotorsA965/A965M Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure andHigh Temperature PartsA982/A982M Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressorand Turbine AirfoilsA983/A983M Specification for Continou
12、s Grain FlowForged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshaftsfor Medium Speed Diesel EnginesA986/A986M Magnetic Particle Examination of ContinuousGrain Flow Crankshaft ForgingsA1021/A1021M Martensitic Stainless Steel Forgings andForging Stock for High-Temperature Ser-viceA1049/A1049M Stainless Steel Forging
13、s, Ferritic/Austenitic(Duplex), for Pressure Vessels and RelatedComponents1.2 In case of conflict in requirements, the requirements ofthe individual product specifications shall prevail over those ofthis specification.1.3 The purchaser may specify additional requirements (see4.2.3) that do not negat
14、e any of the provisions of either thisspecification or of the individual product specifications. Theacceptance of any such additional requirements shall bedependent on negotiations with the supplier and must beincluded in the order.1.4 If, by agreement, forgings are to be supplied in apartially comp
15、leted condition, that is, all of the provisions ofthe product specification have not been filled, then the material1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.06 on Steel Forgings
16、and Billets.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016. Published September 2016. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as A788/A788M 15.DOI: 10.1520/A0788_A0788M-16.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specifi-cation SA788 in Section II of tha
17、t code.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1marking (see Section 17) and certification (see Section 16)shall reflect the extent to which the product specifica
18、tionrequirements have been met.1.5 As noted in the Certification Section (16), the numberand year date of this specification, as well as that of the productspecification, are required to be included in the productcertification.1.6 When the SI version of a product specification isrequired by the purc
19、hase order, Specification A788/A788Mshall be used in conjunction with Test Methods A1058 insteadof Test Methods and Definitions A370.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; th
20、erefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stan
21、dard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A266/A266M Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings forPressure Vessel ComponentsA275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Exam
22、ination ofSteel ForgingsA288 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings forMagnetic Retaining Rings for Turbine GeneratorsA289/A289M Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings forNonmagnetic Retaining Rings for GeneratorsA290/A290M Specification for Carbon and Alloy SteelForgings for Rings for Re
23、duction GearsA291/A291M Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon andAlloy, for Pinions, Gears and Shafts for Reduction GearsA336/A336M Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings forPressure and High-Temperature PartsA370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA372/A372M Spec
24、ification for Carbon and Alloy SteelForgings for Thin-Walled Pressure VesselsA388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of SteelForgingsA427/A427M Specification for Wrought Alloy Steel Rollsfor Cold and Hot ReductionA469/A469M Specification for Vacuum-Treated Steel Forg-ings for Generator Rotors
25、A470/A470M Specification for Vacuum-Treated Carbon andAlloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and ShaftsA471/A471M Specification for Vacuum-Treated Alloy SteelForgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and WheelsA504/A504M Specification for Wrought Carbon SteelWheelsA508/A508M Specification for Quenched and T
26、emperedVacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings forPressure VesselsA521/A521M Specification for Steel, Closed-ImpressionDie Forgings for General Industrial UseA541/A541M Specification for Quenched and TemperedCarbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure VesselComponentsA551/A551M Specification
27、 for Carbon Steel Tires for Rail-way and Rapid Transit ApplicationsA579/A579M Specification for Superstrength Alloy SteelForgingsA592/A592M Specification for High-Strength Quenchedand Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Parts for PressureVesselsA646/A646M Specification for Premium QualityAlloy SteelBloo
28、ms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace ForgingsA649/A649M Specification for Forged Steel Rolls Used forCorrugating Paper MachineryA668/A668M Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon andAlloy, for General Industrial UseA711/A711M Specification for Steel Forging StockA723/A723M Specification for Al
29、loy Steel Forgings forHigh-Strength Pressure Component ApplicationA729/A729M Specification for Carbon and Alloy SteelAxles, Heat-Treated, for Mass Transit and Electric Rail-way ServiceA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel ProductsA765/A765M Specification for C
30、arbon Steel and Low-AlloySteel Pressure-Vessel-Component Forgings with Manda-tory Toughness RequirementsA768/A768M Specification for Vacuum-Treated 12 % Chro-mium Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and ShaftsA833 Practice for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materi-als by Comparison Hardness Te
31、stersA837/A837M Specification for Steel Forgings, Alloy, forCarburizing ApplicationsA859/A859M Specification for Age-Hardening Alloy SteelForgings for Pressure Vessel ComponentsA891/A891M Specification for Precipitation Hardening IronBase Superalloy Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks andWheelsA909/A90
32、9M Specification for Steel Forgings, Microalloy,for General Industrial UseA939/A939M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination fromBored Surfaces of Cylindrical ForgingsA940/A940M Specification for Vacuum Treated SteelForgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for TurbineRotorsA941 Terminology Relating
33、 to Steel, Stainless Steel, RelatedAlloys, and FerroalloysA965/A965M Specification for Steel Forgings, Austenitic,for Pressure and High Temperature Parts3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMSt
34、andards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.A788/A788M 162A966/A966M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination ofSteel Forgings Using Alternating CurrentA982/A982M Specification for Steel Forgings, Stainless, forCompressor and Turbine AirfoilsA983/A98
35、3M Specification for Continuous Grain FlowForged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for MediumSpeed Diesel EnginesA986/A986M Specification for Magnetic Particle Examina-tion of Continuous Grain Flow Crankshaft ForgingsA991/A991M Test Method for Conducting TemperatureUniformity Surveys of Furnaces Us
36、ed to Heat Treat SteelProductsA1021/A1021M Specification for Martensitic Stainless SteelForgings and Forging Stock for High-Temperature ServiceA1049/A1049M Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings,Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex), for Pressure Vessels andRelated ComponentsA1058 Test Methods for Mechan
37、ical Testing of SteelProductsMetricE23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me-tallic MaterialsE112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain SizeE165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination forGeneral IndustryE380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units(SI) (the Mod
38、ernized Metric System) (Withdrawn 1997)4E399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain FractureToughness KIcof Metallic MaterialsE428 Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Otherthan Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in UltrasonicTestingE1290 Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement(CT
39、OD) Fracture Toughness Measurement (Withdrawn2013)4E1820 Test Method for Measurement of Fracture ToughnessE1916 Guide for Identification of Mixed Lots of Metals2.2 Other Standards:ANSI/ASME B46.1 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness,Waviness and Lay)5ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code63. Terminology
40、3.1 Terminology A941 is applicable to this specification.Additional terms and wording more applicable to forgings areas noted in this section.3.2 Forging Definitions:3.2.1 steel forging, nthe product of a substantially com-pressive plastic working operation that consolidates the mate-rial and produc
41、es the desired shape. The plastic working maybe performed by a hammer, press, forging machine, or ringrolling machine, and must deform the material to produce anessentially wrought structure.3.2.1.1 DiscussionHot rolling operations may be used toproduce blooms or billets for reforging.3.3 Forging Ge
42、ometries:3.3.1 bar forging, nforging that has no bore and having anaxial length greater than its maximum cross sectional dimen-sion.3.3.1.1 DiscussionMore than one cross sectional shape orsize may be included. Sometimes referred to as a solid forging.3.3.2 disk forging, nforging, sometimes referred
43、to as apancake forging, that has (a) an axial length appreciably lessthan its diameter, (b) may be dished on one or both faces, and(c) final forging includes upsetting operations to reduce theheight of the stock and increase its diameter.3.3.2.1 DiscussionSince much of the hot working is donein axia
44、lly compressing the stock, the central area may notreceive sufficient consolidation. To counter this effect, consid-eration is usually given to the initial saddening (see 3.3.6)ofthe ingot or billet.3.3.3 hollow forging, nforging (also known as a shellforging or a mandrel forging) in which (a) the a
45、xial length isequal to or greater than the diameter, and (b) the forging lengthand wall thickness are produced by hot working over a mandrel(usually water cooled) such that the bore diameter remainsessentially the same as that of the mandrel.3.3.3.1 DiscussionUnless a hollow ingot has been used,the
46、starting slug is hot trepanned or punched after upsetting andthe bore diameter adjusted to suit the forging mandrel. Theoutside diameter may be contoured if required. The workpieceis forged between the upper die and lower dies while themandrel is supported by cranes or manipulators to facilitaterota
47、tion.3.3.4 ring forging, ntype of hollow forging in which (a)the axial length is less than the diameter, (b) the wall thicknessis reduced, and (c) the outside diameter is increased by hotworking between the top die and a mandrel supported ontemporary saddles.3.3.4.1 DiscussionForging between the top
48、 die and themandrel enables the ring diameter to be increased whilereducing the wall thickness, without increasing the axiallength.3.3.5 ring rolling, ninvolves the use of specialized equip-ment whereby a hot punched, trepanned, or bored disk is (a)hot worked between a powered outer roller and an id
49、ling innerroller, such that the wall thickness is reduced and the outsidediameter is increased, and (b) the axial length of the ring is notintended to increase and may be contained by a radiallyoriented tapered roller.3.3.6 saddening, nterm used in the open die forgingindustry to describe the initial hot working of an ingot forsurface compaction and flute working surface prior to fullworking of the ingot cross section.3.3.6.1 DiscussionThe term is also extended to initial hotworking intended to give consolidation of ingot central areasprior to upsetting when making pr
