1、Designation: C 1433M 07aMETRICStandard Specification forPrecast Reinforced Concrete Monolithic Box Sections forCulverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers Metric1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1433M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast reinforcedconcrete box secti
3、ons cast monolithically and intended to beused for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance ofstorm water industrial wastes and sewage.1.2 This specification is the companion to inch-poundSpecification C 1433.NOTE 1This specification is primarily a manufacturing and purchas-ing specificat
4、ion. However, standard designs are included and the criteriaused to develop these designs are given in Appendix X1. The successfulperformance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the boxsection, bedding, backfill, and care that the installation conforms to theconstruction specificati
5、ons. The purchaser of the precast reinforcedconcrete box sections specified herein is cautioned that he must properlycorrelate the loading conditions and the field requirements with the boxsection specified and provide for inspection at the construction site.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards
6、:2A 82/A 82M Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Con-crete ReinforcementA 185/A 185M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Plain, for ConcreteA 496/A 496M Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, forConcrete ReinforcementA 497/A 497M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forceme
7、nt, Deformed, for ConcreteA 615/A 615M Specification for Deformed and PlainCarbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC 31/C 31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 39/C 39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-lindrical
8、 Concrete SpecimensC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC 497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sec-tions, or Tile MetricC 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Ra
9、w or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-FurnaceSlag for Use in Concrete and Mortars2.2 AASHTO Standards:3Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor
10、 definitions of terms relating to con-crete pipe, see Terminology C 822.4. Types4.1 Precast reinforced concrete box sections manufacturedin accordance with this specification shall be one of two typesidentified in Tables 1 and 2, and shall be designated by type,span, rise, and design earth cover.5.
11、Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptability of the box sections produced in accor-dance with Section 7 shall be determined by the results of theconcrete compressive strength tests described in Section 10,by1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct
12、 responsibility of Subcommittee C13.07 onAcceptance Specifications and Precast Concrete Box Sections.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C 1433M 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website
13、, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW,
14、 Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the material requirements described in Section 6, and byinspection of the finished box sections.5.2 Box sections shall be considered ready for acceptanc
15、ewhen they conform to the requirements of this specification.6. Material6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates andwater, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner thatthe steel and concrete act together.6.2 Cementitious Mater
16、ials:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C 150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of Specification C 595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolance
17、ment shall be fly ash.6.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofSpecification C 618, Class F or Class C.6.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C 989.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious Mate
18、rialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in concreteshall be one of the following:6.2.4.1 Portland cement only,6.2.4.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only,6.2.4.3 Slag modified portland cement only,6.2.4.4 Portland pozzolan cement only,6.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement and fly
19、ash.6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement and groundgranulated blast-furnace slag,6.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement, ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag (not to exceed 25 % of the totalcementitious weight), and fly ash (not to exceed 25 % of thetotal cementitious weight).6.3 AggregatesAg
20、gregates shall conform to SpecificationC33, except that the requirements for gradation shall notapply.6.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shallbe allowed to be used with the approval of the purchaser.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwelded wire reinforcement conforming
21、 to SpecificationsA 185or A 497. Circumferential reinforcement areas in Tables 1 and2 are based solely on the use of welded wire reinforcement,refer to 11.6 if alternate steel designs utilizing steel bars, Grade60, in conjunction with or in lieu of welded wire reinforcementare to be submitted for th
22、e owners approval. Longitudinaldistribution reinforcement shall be allowed to consist ofwelded wire reinforcement or deformed billet-steel bars con-forming to Specification A 615/A 615M, Grade 60.7. Design7.1 Design TablesThe box section dimensions, compres-sive strength of the concrete, and reinfor
23、cement details shall beas prescribed in Table 1 or Table 2 and Figs. 1-4, subject to theprovisions of Section 11. Table 1 sections are designed forcombined earth dead load and AASHTO HS20 live loadconditions. Table 2 sections are designed for combined earthdead load and interstate live load conditio
24、ns when the interstatelive loading exceeds the HS20 live loading. Criteria used todevelop Tables 1 and 2 are given in Appendix X1.NOTE 2The tabular designs in this specification were preparedaccording to AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges,1997 Edition.7.2 Modified and Special Designs
25、The manufacturer shallrequest approval by the purchaser of modified designs whichdiffer from the designs in Section 7.1, or special designs forsizes and loads other than those shown in Tables 1 and 2. Whenspans are required that exceed those prescribed in Table 1 orTable 2, the design shall be based
26、 on the criteria given inFIG. 1 Typical Box SectionsC 1433M 07a2Appendix X1. In addition, the span shall be designed to haveadequate stiffness to limit deflection as given in Section 8.9 ofAASHTO Standard Specification for Highway Bridges (latestedition).NOTE 3Construction procedures, such as heavy
27、equipment movementor stockpiling of material over or adjacent to a box structure, can inducehigher loads than those used for the structures final design. Theseconstruction and surcharge loads are approved as long as the final steelareas in the box are larger than those the box will experience in the
28、 finalinstallation condition. The design engineer should take into considerationthe potential for higher loads induced by construction procedures indetermining the final design of the box structure.7.3 Placement of ReinforcementThe cover of concreteover the circumferential reinforcement shall be 25
29、mm, subjectto the provisions of Section 11. The inside circumferentialreinforcement shall extend into the tongue portion of the jointand the outside circumferential reinforcement shall extend intothe groove portion of the joint. The clear distance of the endcircumferential wires shall be not less th
30、an 13 mm nor morethan 50 mm from the ends of the box section. Reinforcementshall be assembled utilizing any combination of single ormultiple layers of welded-wire reinforcement. Multiple layersshall not be separated by more than the thickness of onelongitudinal wire plus 6 mm. The multiple layers sh
31、all befastened together to form a single cage. All other specificationrequirements such as laps, welds, and tolerances of placementin the wall of the box section shall apply to this method offabricating a reinforcement cage. A common reinforcementunit may be utilized for both As2(or As3) and As4, an
32、d also forboth As7(or As8) and As1, with the largest area requirementgoverning, bending the reinforcement at the corners andwaiving the extension requirements of Fig. 3 (see Fig. 5).When a single cage of multiple circumferential steel areas isFIG. 2 Section A-A Top and Bottom Slab Joint Reinforcemen
33、tFIG. 3 Detail Inner ReinforcementFIG. 4 Detail Option (see Fig. 3)FIG. 5 Detailed Reinforcement ArrangementC 1433M 07a3used for As2(or As3) and As4reinforcement, the slab or wallrequiring the larger steel area shall have this additionalcircumferential steel extending for the full length of the slab
34、 orwall. The welded-wire reinforcement shall be composed ofcircumferential and longitudinal wires meeting the spacingrequirements of 7.4 and shall contain sufficient longitudinalwires extending through the box section to maintain the shapeand position of reinforcement. Longitudinal distribution rein
35、-forcement may be welded-wire reinforcement or deformedbillet-steel bars and shall meet the spacing requirements of 7.4.The ends of the longitudinal distribution reinforcement shallnot be more than 2 in. from the ends of the box section. Theexposure of the ends of longitudinals, stirrups, and spacer
36、sused to position the reinforcement shall not be a cause forrejection.7.4 Laps, Welds, and SpacingSplices in the circumferen-tial reinforcement shall be made by lapping. The overlapmeasured between the outermost longitudinal wires of eachreinforcement sheet shall not be less than the spacing of thel
37、ongitudinal wires plus 50 mm but not less than 250 mm. IfAs1is extended to the middle of either slab and connected, weldedsplices are not prohibited in the connection. When used, As7and As8shall be lapped with As1as shown in Figs. 5 and 6 (seealso Fig. 7 and Fig. 8). If welds are made to circumferen
38、tialreinforcement, they shall be made only to selected circumfer-ential wires that are not less than 450 mm apart along thelongitudinal axis of the box section. Also, when spacers arewelded to circumferential wires, they shall be welded only tothese selected circumferential wires. There shall be no
39、weldingto other circumferential wires, except it is not prohibited forAs4to be lapped and welded at any location or connected bywelding at the corners to As2and As3. No welds shall be madeto As2or As3circumferential wires in the middle third of thespan (see Fig. 9 for welding restrictions). When dis
40、tributionreinforcement is to be fastened to a cage by welding, it shall bewelded only to longitudinal wires and only near the ends of thebox section. The spacing center to center of the circumferentialwires shall not be less than 50 mm nor more than 100 mm. Thespacing center to center of the longitu
41、dinal wires shall not bemore than 200 mm.8. Joints8.1 The precast reinforced concrete box sections shall beproduced with tongue and groove ends. The ends shall be ofsuch design and the ends of the box sections so formed that thesections can be laid together to make a continuous line of boxsections c
42、ompatible with the permissible variations given inSection 11.8.2 Outer cage circumferential reinforcement as shown inFigs. 1 and 2 shall be placed in the top and bottom slabs at theFIG. 6 Detail OptionFIG. 7 Alternate DetailFIG. 8 Alternate DetailFIG. 9 Critical Zones of High Stress Where Welding is
43、 RestrictedC 1433M 07a4groove portion of the joint when As1is not continuous over thespan. The minimum area of such reinforcement in squaremillimeters per linear meter of box section length shall be thesame as the areas specified for As4in Tables 1 and 2.9. Manufacture9.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall
44、 be sized, graded, propor-tioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitiousmaterials and water as will produce a homogeneous concretemixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the testand design requirements of this specification.All concrete shallhave a water-cementitious materials
45、 ratio not exceeding 0.53by weight. Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 6.2and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 280kg/m3unless mix designs with a lower cementitious materialscontent demonstrate that the quality and performance of thepipe meet the requirements of th
46、is specification.9.2 CuringThe box sections shall be cured for a sufficientlength of time so that the concrete will develop the specifiedcompressive strength in 28 days or less. Any one of thefollowing methods of curing or combinations thereof shall beallowed to be used:9.2.1 Steam CuringThe box sec
47、tions shall be allowed tobe low pressure, steam-cured by a system that will maintain amoist atmosphere.9.2.2 Water CuringThe box sections shall be allowed tobe water-cured by any method that will keep the sections moist.9.2.3 Membrane CuringA sealing membrane conformingto the requirements of Specifi
48、cation C 309 may be applied andshall be left intact until the required concrete compressivestrength is attained. The concrete temperature at the time ofapplication shall be within 6C of the atmospheric temperature.All surfaces shall be kept moist prior to the application of thecompounds and shall be
49、 damp when the compound is applied.9.3 FormsThe forms used in manufacture shall be suffi-ciently rigid and accurate to maintain the box section dimen-sions within the permissible variations given in Section 11. Allcasting surfaces shall be of smooth nonporous material.9.4 HandlingHandling devices or holes shall be permittedin each box section for the purpose of handling and laying.10. Physical Requirements10.1 Type of Test SpecimenCompression tests for deter-mining concrete compressive strength shall be allowed to bemade on either standard rodded co
