1、Designation: C 1448/C 1448M 05Standard Specification forNon-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Conduit1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1448/C 1448M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.Note The Editorial Review Board approved changes on April 5, 2005.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers non-asbestos fiber-cementconduit for u
3、se in electric-power systems and communicationsystems. The service is for both underground and exposedconditions.1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in eachsystem
4、are not exact equivalents; therefore each system shallbe used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-cation.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is therespo
5、nsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 150 Specification for Portland CementC 497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Section
6、s,or TileC 500 Test Methods for Asbestos-Cement PipeC 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 1154 Terminology for Non-Asbestos Fiber-ReinforcedCement Products2.2 Military Standard:MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage32.3 Federal Standard:No. 123 Marking for Domestic Shipment (Civil
7、ian Agen-cies)32.4 ISO Standards:ISO 390 Products in Fibre Reinforced CementSamplingand Inspection4ISO 28591 Sampling Procedures for Inspection by At-tributes Part 1: Sampling Schemes Indexed byAcceptanceQuality Limit (AQL) for Lot-by-Lot Inspection4ISO 3951 Sampling Procedures and Charts for Inspec
8、tionby Variables for Percent Nonconforming42.5 Other Standards:Uniform Freight Classification Rules5National Motor Freight Classification Rules63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRefer to Terminology C 1154.3.1.1 conduit, nfiber-cement pipe used to protect wiresfor electric-power or communication systems,
9、 for both under-ground and exposed situations.3.1.2 couplingcomponent made from a larger diameterpipe of the same type or Type II and of the same class or ahigher class, or produced otherwise to yield at least equalperformance, for joining fiber-cement pipe that when properlyinstalled, forms a silt-
10、tight joint, allows alignment correctionsand slight changes in direction, and provides an assembledjoint equivalent in serviceability and strength to the pipesections.3.1.3 fittingsfittings such as adapters, reducers, increasers,bends, and bell ends, for use in laying fiber-cement conduit asdescribe
11、d in Section 5 and made to such dimensions as willprovide equivalent strength and silt-tight joints when as-sembled with the conduit.4. Classification4.1 The classes of conduit shall be as follows:4.1.1 Class BIntended for use encased in concrete afterinstallation, and4.1.2 Class CIntended for use w
12、ithout concrete encase-ment, or for exposed services.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.02 on Non-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Products.Current edition approved April 5, 2005. Published A
13、pril 2005. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C 1448 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Su
14、mmary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.5Available from
15、 the Uniform Classification Commission, Room 1106, 222 S.Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606.6Available from National Motor Freight Inc., 1616 P St., NW, Washington, DC20036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 The type
16、s of conduit shall be known as Type I and TypeII corresponding to the chemical requirements given in SectionS3 of this specification. For a more thorough understandingand as a guide to the chemical resistance of fiber-cementconduit, reference is made to Test Methods C 500.NOTE 1There are no chemical
17、 requirements for Type I Conduit.NOTE 2To assist the purchaser in choosing the type of conduit mostsuitable for his use, the following descriptions of usage may be consid-ered:4.2.1 Type IFor use where nonaggressive water and soilof moderate sulfate content are expected to come in contactwith the co
18、nduit, and4.2.2 Type IIFor use where moderately aggressive wateror water and soil of high sulfate content, or both, are expectedto come in contact with the conduit.4.3 The conduit shall be furnished in 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6-in.40, 50, 75, 100, and 150 mm nominal sizes and shall have acircular cross
19、 section.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Fiber-cement conduit shall be composed of an intimatemixture of an inorganic hydraulic binder (see SpecificationC 150) or a calcium silicate binder (see Specification C 595)formed by the chemical reaction of a siliceous material and acalcareous material reinf
20、orced by organic fibers, inorganicnon-asbestos fibers, or both. Process aids, fillers and pigmentswhich are compatible with fiber-reinforced cement are notprohibited from being added. All material shall be of laminarconstruction formed under pressure to a homogeneous struc-ture and cured to meet the
21、 physical and chemical requirementsof this specification.6. Mechanical Properties6.1 Flexural Strength:6.1.1 Each 10 or 13 ft 3048 or 3962 mm standard lengthand each 9.5 ft 2896 mm or longer random length conduitshall have sufficient flexural strength to withstand, withoutfailure, the total load pre
22、scribed in Table 1, when tested inaccordance with 6.1.1.1.6.1.1.1 The specimen shall be mounted longitudinally on“V” blocks, preferably of hard wood or of steel, 2 in. 50 mmlong, 120 2 rad angle of “V,” faces 5 by 2 in. 130 by 50mm, and the load applied through a rectangular block, 2 in.50 mm in wid
23、th, at the center of the span. The spans betweenthe faces of supporting blocks shall be as given in Table 1 forthe particular class of conduit. The breaking loads, the averageof at least two specimens from each length, shall not be lessthan those given in Table 1 for the particular class of conduit.
24、6.2 Crushing StrengthCrushing tests shall be conductedbefore shipment. Test Specimens 12 in. 300 mm long cutfrom an unmachined portion of pipe shall be tested in accor-dance with the appropriate section of Test Methods C 497.7. Dimensions, Mass, and Tolerances7.1 The average inside diameter measured
25、 at the end of theconduit shall be 60.1 in. 63 mm of the nominal insidediameter.7.2 The bore of the conduit shall pass freely through amandrel 3 ft 1 m long and 0.25 in. 6 mm less in diameterthan the nominal inside diameter of the conduit.7.3 The inner dimensions of the bends shall be such that abal
26、l 0.4 in. 10 mm less in diameter than the nominal insidediameter of the conduit, shall pass freely through them.7.4 Couplings and coupling areas of the conduit shall bemachined or otherwise finished to such dimensions as willprovide silt-tight joints when assembled with proper accesso-ries and put i
27、nto the service for which the conduit is intended.7.5 The nominal length for fiber-cement conduit shall bedesignated by the manufacturer. Unless otherwise agreed bythe Owner, furnish a maximum of 15 % of the total footage ofany one size and type for any order, at the manufacturersoption, in pipe len
28、gths shorter than the nominal. These shall betermed random lengths.8. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance8.1 Machined ends of the conduit that receive the couplingshall be free of dents and gouges that will affect the silt-tightness of the joint.8.2 Each conduit shall be free of bulges, dents, and te
29、ars onthe inside surface that result in a variation of more than 0.2 in.5 mm from the adjacent unaffected portions of the surface.8.3 All inside edges of the conduit shall be rounded andsmooth. The ends of each length of conduit shall be at rightangles to the axis of the conduit.9. Sampling9.1 Test
30、all material under this specification after immersionunder water at 73 6 7F 23 6 4C for a minimum of 24 h forthe crushing tests and in a normal air-dried condition inequilibrium with atmospheric humidity for the flexural tests.9.1.1 Employ sampling procedures providing an averageoutgoing quality lim
31、it (AOQL) of 6.5 %, except where specificsampling is required by particular test procedures. AppendixX1 describes a sampling plan which provides an AOQL of6.5 %.9.1.2 The minimum sample size for sampling and accep-tance by attributes or variables shall be in Table 3.9.1.3 Pipes of different sizes or
32、 classes but of sequentialmanufacture in a continuous manufacturing process may besampled as being in the same inspection lot.9.2 For crushing tests sample the required number of fulllengths of pipe according to the inspection lot size. Cut one testspecimen 12 in. 300 mm long from the unmachined end
33、 ofeach of the selected pipe lengths. (WarningIn addition toTABLE 1 Flexural Strength RequirementsNominalInnerDiameterTest Span(Free Span)Class BAppliedTest LoadClass CAppliedTest Loadin. mm in. mm lbf kN lbf kN1.5 40 30 760 600 2.70 850 3.802 50 30 760 600 2.70 850 3.803 75 30 762 600 2.70 850 3.80
34、4 100 30 762 980 4.40 1260 5.605 130 48 1219 1100 4.90 1500 6.706 150 54 1372 1300 5.80 2000 8.90C 1448/C 1448M 052other precautions, when cutting fiber-cement products mini-mize the dust that results. Prolonged breathing or frequentbreathing of significant airborne concentrations of silica ishazard
35、ous. When such dust is generated, effective measuresshall be taken to prevent inhalation.)NOTE 3When sampling from continuous production, these tests maybe conducted on dry, equilibrium, or saturated specimens, provided arelationship can be established between this testing and the specifiedvalues.NO
36、TE 4A manufacturers process with an AOQL of 6.5 % indicatesthat better than 93.5 % of the inspected production exceeds the specifi-cations for marginally accepted product. This type of specificationprovides the protection and confidence of a clearly defined lowerboundary. This would not be true if a
37、cceptance were based solely on theaverage value of the measured property. Examples of sampling schemesthat may be used can be found in documents such as ISO 390. Othersampling schemes may be used that maintain equally rigorous qualitylevels. Inspection by attributes consists of determining, for ever
38、y item ofa sample, the presence or absence of a certain qualitative characteristic(attribute) with respect to the applicable specification. It is, in essence, apass-fail inspection that determines the number of items in a sample thatdo or do not conform to the specification. An attribute could be ad
39、imensional measurement, or a flexural strength value, or others that aredescribed in these test methods. Inspection by variable consists ofmeasuring a quantitative characteristic for each item in a sample.Conformance with the applicable specification is determined from themean values of the measured
40、 properties and the statistical variations ofthese values above and below the mean. Appendix X1 details samplingplans to suit all common sampling situations, and specifies the number ofspecimens to be taken from each batch and the acceptance/rejectioncriteria. The specified inspection levels have be
41、en selected to suitfiber-cement products, to balance the cost of assessment against confi-dence in results commensurate with this industry.10. Inspection10.1 All material furnished under this specification shallconform to the physical and chemical requirements statedherein and may be subject to fact
42、ory inspection by thepurchaser. All conduit shall be inspected by the manufacturerfor compliance to dimensional tolerances and workmanship.The manufacturer shall accept to certify that his productconforms to the requirements of this specification.10.2 The manufacturer shall maintain a Quality Manual
43、 thatincludes organizational responsibilities in the manufacturingprocess, the specification of all raw materials, the specificationof key process variables, the specification of test methods to beused for testing material in process, and a Process QualityAssurance Inspection and Test Plan that esta
44、blishes those partsof the process that are subject to regular quality assuranceinspection and test.10.3 When requested by the purchaser for the purposes ofquality assurance, and to ensure product conformity, a copy ofthe Process Quality Assurance Inspection and Test Plan shallbe supplied by the manu
45、facturer.10.4 On orders requiring inspection by the purchaser, themanufacturer shall arrange the time of testing so that thepurchaser or his authorized inspector may be present to witnesssuch tests at the purchasers expense.11. Rejection and Rehearing11.1 Failure of an inspection lot to comply with
46、the mini-mum Flexural Strength Requirements of Table 1 or CrushingStrength Requirements of Table 2 using a sampling plan withan AOQL of 6.5 % shall be cause for rejection of that lot.11.2 Material that fails to conform to the requirements ofthis specification constitutes grounds for rejection. Rejec
47、tionshall be reported to the producer or supplier promptly inwriting. In case of disagreement with the results of the test,either the producer or supplier is able to make claim for arehearing.12. Product Marking12.1 Each standard and random length of conduit shall bemarked by the manufacturer with t
48、he trade name, nominal size,type, class, and the date of manufacture, in alkali resistant inkor indelible paint. Each carton containing coupling sleevesshall be marked by the manufacturer with the nominal size,type, and class for the conduit with which it shall be used.13. Packaging13.1 Conduit and
49、couplings shall be prepared for commer-cial shipment so as to ensure acceptance by common or othercarriers.13.2 Refer also to S1.1.14. Keywords14.1 conduit; fiber-cementTABLE 2 Crushing Strength RequirementsNominal Diameter Minimum Crushing LoadsClass B Class Cin. mm lbf kN lbf kN1.5 40 500 2.2 1200 5.32 50 500 2.2 1200 5.33 75 500 2.2 1200 5.34 100 500 2.2 1200 5.35 130 500 2.2 900 4.06 150 500 2.2 800 3.6TABLE 3 Minimum Quality Sample SizeInspection by Variables Inspection by AttributesInspectionLot SizeNumberSampl
